Allantoin protects the skin and keeps it smooth. This website is published by Immediate Media Company Limited under licence from BBC Studios Distribution. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please N.B. Alison, it's a pretty hotly debated topic, but the theory goes that healthy soil is populated by. Analysis of dried comfrey leaves showed them to be a rich source of protein, including the amino acids tryptophan and methionine.

The ancient Greeks and Romans used comfrey extracts to heal wounds, set broken bones, and stop heavy bleeding. Comfreys roots break up heavy clay and creating channels for aeration and better water absorption, similar to dandelion roots. Easily found online in many forms, chaparral has been listed in the FDA's poisonous plant database since 1997 because of the risk of severe -- and in some cases, irreversible -- liver damage. The pulp or residue from making your plant food can be used as a mulch around your plants. to aid with fruit set and development, or on your flowering plants to boost their blooms. For over 10 years, she has helped thousands of clients from all over the world achieve optimal health and wellbeing. Use roots that are 1 to 6 inches long and to inches in diameter (Teynor et al., 1997,www.hort. Temperate, coastal, sandy, windy. Chickens digestive systems are not equipped to handle much fiber (fiber should be kept to between 5 and 8 percent of the diet). The therapeutic properties of comfrey root ointment can reduce short-term symptoms related to an ankle sprain and speed up the healing process. A bed of Bocking 14 Comfrey will give you plenty of material to produce all your fertilizer at home. Topical application of comfrey extract was found effective in regulating pain and improving knee mobility. What does comfrey oil look and smell like? If you make the concentrated comfrey liquid feed from these perennial plants, it will last for around a year. Julie also mentioned that comfrey is used as a fertilizer in Zimbabwe by Foundations for Farming (FFF). Here are the most common signs of coccidia in dogs and puppies, and what you might see if a dog is severely infected. Weil recommends applying comfrey to wounds that don't heal easily, including open bedsores and diabetic ulcers. "Typically herbals are powders in capsules that you don't need to worry about, but make sure tablets will break apart and release ingredients in your body," Cooperman says. Comfrey is a good general fertilizer and an excellent source of potash. Youll know its done if you take a sneaky peak under the lid and see that the comfrey leaves have all-but disappeared (any plant matter remaining in the inner pot can be added straight to your compost heap) and the bottom of the outer container will be sloshing with lovely, thick, brown-black, concentrated comfrey tea, which you can drain off and store for when youre ready to use it on your plants. "I prefer to use herbs that have a good risk-to-benefit ratio, and for kava that's no longer true," Fugh-Berman says.

Potential for weediness. Yes. Do not plant comfrey under trees; the latte will block the sun and their roots will take nutrients and moisture. Added manure or mulch is helpful. If a hard pan is present, break it up so that the roots can grow deep. Location: South Puget Sound, Salish Sea, Cascadia, North America. The list below is not exhaustive, but I will cover the main ones here. Comfrey tea is supposed to smell , dilute and apply. Comfrey species are important herbs in organic gardening. Required fields are marked *. Do note that it will not leave much humus/organic matter in the soil. How permies.com works What is a Mother Tree ? The ministry of the environment tests the water and we have strict rules about animals (not near the creeks). A detailed post on using comfrey for fertility in a market garden. Rototillers convert rich soil into dirt. The leftover pulp is an ideal compost activator. Okay. Gnarled, swollen veins, most frequently observed in the legs and feet, and usually triggered by weakened vein walls and valves. [It can] be applied every two weeks as a drench or foliar spray. It is said that the best time to cut Comfrey is shortly before flowering, as this is when it is at its most potent in terms of the nutrients that it offers. Hills wrote that A comfrey bed is in effect a method of exchanging crude nitrogen for a balanced organic fertilizer. It can be manured with straight chicken manure, or with a 2 to 1 mix of water and urine, referred to by Hills as Household Liquid Activator or HLA (and described by him as the best and cheapest of compost heap activators, and a source of potash and nitrogen). 5 In a report from a Saskatchewan (Canada) farm, cows did not at first appear to like fresh forage, but ate it when it was slightly wilted. Today, medical professionals and government agencies warn against consuming. Kava. Comfrey is an herb in the Boraginaceae family and has small purple flowers. Comfrey is well-suited as a feed for chickens. It is not recommended to taste or consume comfrey as it contains toxic compounds (pyrrolizidine alkaloids) that may harm your health. Cattle. One moose, two moose. Read on. Each of these seals indicates that the product ingredients match the label and that if there are contaminants present, they do not exceed safe levels. Applying comfrey-based oil or creams may help relieve pain related to varicose veinsi XGnarled, swollen veins, most frequently observed in the legs and feet, and usually triggered by weakened vein walls and valves. Comfrey is a flowering plant with high phytochemical content. The best nutritional value of comfrey is found in the leaves. Comfrey is a perennial herb with a black, turnip-like root and large, hairy broad leaves that bears small bell-shaped flowers of various colours, typically cream or purplish. While both belong to the same plant family, comfrey is a perennial plant that looks like small bells while borage is an annual, star-shaped plant. Put the lid on and wait about 3 to 4 weeks. Location: Zone Five, B.C., Western Canada. It is easy to mistake deadly foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), at left, for comfrey (Symphytum officinale), at right, in the early spring. Its known as a dynamic accumulator, drawing minerals out of the soil and into the roots and leaves, and is also a compost accelerator, a fine ingredient in liquid manure (comfrey juice), beneficial insect attractor, mulch, weed suppressant, biomass accumulator, livestock forage, edible for humans (comfrey fritters!) As a gardener, we all would love to be able to produce our fertilizers at home. It is a rich source of nutrients. Yes. However, Hills wrote that in Japan, where grass was less available, comfrey made economic sense. Ensure to cover both sides of the leaves. Comfrey tea, or comfrey fertiliser, is an all-organic, easy to make plant food that provides excellent nutrition, especially for flowering and fruiting plants. I will go into more detail about these as we continue. Get a quality product.

The two drugs with the potential for greatest drug interactions are alprazolam (Xanax) and sedatives. No. I really don't know and would like to know before I do it again. In its pure form, like China White, heroin puts off the least detectable stench. These scents mask potential food sources and irritate a gophers senses. It is advisable to wear gloves when handling Comfrey. Pick a handful of leaves. It is difficult to make silage with comfrey alone. On the other hand modern science confirms that Comfrey can influence the course of some types of muscle and joint pain. The FDA recommended in 2001 that manufacturers remove comfrey products from the market. I used 5kg of comfrey to 25 litres of water Julie van Zevern, a member of ECHOs network, worked with an herbal clinic in Zimbabwe that uses comfrey in a medicinal manner (more on that later in the article). All rights reserved. These resources include a vast knowledgebase of practical information, experienced technical support and an extensive seed bank focused on highly beneficial underutilized plants. Import of comfrey can be tricky, because root cuttings can be destroyed by fumigation and other precautionary treatments. Even though they're natural, some herbal supplements can be dangerous. It must be noted they are not the only nutrients required by other plants. Hills listed recipes for comfrey leaf tea and for poultices, but warned against making an ointment that would sit around, due to the risk of infection. So again, be sure to talk to your health care providers before taking any herbs. Usage of comfrey by breastfeeding women is proven to be toxic to the infant. Though many people may use them as medicine, herbal supplements are not regulated by the FDA like prescription and over-the-counter drugs are. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! Leaves can typically be cut six to eight times per year. I hope you got some value from this post. Gophers hate strong scents such as rosemary, sage, thyme, eucalyptus, geranium, pine, lavender, coffee grounds, peppermint oil, and castor oil. Some comfrey tea recipes will tell you to add water at this stage, but that method will result in an almighty stink as the plethora of bacteria and microorganisms in One article stressed that plants should not be allowed to become hard and woody. It will also allow you to try other uses around the house. and heavy enough that it wont be blown away in the wind. It is perfect as a foliar feed to quickly get nutrition to suffering plants. Concentrated comfrey leaf liquid can be produced in a bucket or similar container (see Figure 3). Comfrey liquid feed is so good as a fertilizer because it belongs to a group of plants that is a dynamic accumulator. Comfrey cream is more effective than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating ankle sprains. WebFor a cooling and refreshing massage oil, dilute 10ml peppermint essential oil into 1L of comfrey oil. Cover and let this [sit] for four weeks in cool weather or two weeks in hot weather. Possibly. Young comfrey leaves, without any coarse stems, can be fed to a sow with many piglets. Analysis of a Bocking 14 comfrey plant, cut in autumn, showed it to contain 2.77% calcium; 0.75% phosphoric acid; 7.09% potash; and 0.144% iron. or can even be added to shredded leaves to speed up the leaf mold process. It is much easier to store due to the concentration, and the product lasts longer and doesnt smell like steeping Comfrey leaves do from the first process. Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) has not been proven effective for any suggested uses.

ECHO Development Notes no. Send us feedback about these examples. Coccidia symptoms include: Diarrhea thats watery or bloody or has mucus Weight loss Dehydration Severe signs of coccidia in puppies and dogs include: Not eating (anorexia) Vomiting Depression Death Some scientists and physicians agree that the use of Comfrey should be restricted to topical use, and should never be ingested, and Comfrey has been implicated in at least one death, although the type of Comfrey being consumed, and other dietary, physiological and pharmacodynamic factors were not accounted for. Uncertain potential for silage. The toxic alkaloids present may lead to liver damage in dogs. Some comfrey tea recipes will tell you to add water at this stage, but that method will result in an almighty stink as the plethora of bacteria and microorganisms in the water get to work on digesting the comfrey and fart out all sorts of waste gases. It is both cold and heat tolerant, so multiple leaf harvests per year are possible in most parts of the world. A bullock can eat about 37.5 kg of comfrey per day.

Chester Place, Gateshead, NE8 1QB, 0191 447 7801 | 07795 320706 In many cases, comfrey compensates for the disadvantages in other ways (also listed below). Expertise: Naturopathic Medicine & Homeopathy, Dr. Benita Perch is IMIs Managing Director and Senior Partner and a highly sought-after naturopathic physician.

Russian comfrey is the result of a cross between S. asperrimum (aka prickly comfrey) and S. peregrinum (aka common comfrey). Your email address will not be published. Some of the literature says that the harmful effects are only caused by consuming comfrey in large amounts; however, ECHO is not able to make recommendations as to the medical use of comfrey.]. If grown purely for animal fodder, the decision to plant comfrey versus legumes would depend largely on the time it takes for comfrey to become established and the leaf yield of comfrey versus legumes. Comfrey adapts to a wide range of soils but grows best in moist, fertile and well-drained soil. It was highest in potash, resistant to comfrey rust, and highest in allantoin (the main active ingredient for medicinal purposes). Keep it manured/fed. Plant comfrey close to where it will be fed to animals (as cut-and-carry). Location: Wellington, New Zealand. Before composting, comfrey already has a C to N ratio of 14 to 1. However, not all Comfrey is identical. Having more than even composted manure, it is no wonder why so many gardeners consider looking into making their liquid feed at home using Comfrey. So for a standard 10-litre watering can, thats about half a litre of concentrate. Im on week 1 looking ok at the moment Natural Dietary Supplements: Facts Vs. Fad, The Best Supplements for Healthy Digestion, How to Get the Protective Power of Vitamin K, What part of the plant works? "My local coffee shop serves comfrey tea, and when I told them it was a liver-toxic herb, they said, Oh, we sell a lot of it,'" Fugh-Berman says. What about adding EM1 to a comfrey tea? Fatalities are rare, but the symptoms One goose, two geese. Go for supplements made by big companies, McQueen suggests. As shown before, a lot of indoor plants are not safe for your bird. Comfrey is a unique perennial plant that requires minimal maintenance after planting and that can give high, sustained yields of nutrient-rich leaves for use as fertilizer, animal feed and more. Comfrey root ointment provides faster relief and can also reduce myalgia (soreness and muscle ache). Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. I usually do comfrey.

Accessed 5 Apr. Are you a fan of comfrey tea? Fertilizing potatoes with comfrey will provide the crop with an excellent source of potassium and trace elements. Pick a handful of leaves. Remind health care providers of any conditions you have and any prescription or over-the-counter medications you take. "It's a mint, and you don't get that much poison in a tea, but I wouldn't risk it. What works for me is to get two buckets, fit one inside the other, drill out some holes in bottom of first, put my comfrey inside, place large stones on top then cover with lid. Either way I can just take it apart and dump in the green waste if needed. This will also make it easier to haul manure back to the plants.

Sometimes, comfrey is most available when there is also ample grass, making it less important as a feed source (this is true in Britain). It was traditionally called knit bone by herbalists as it helps heals fractures. 2023. Four pounds of fresh comfrey per day supplies enough B12 for a pig.

Comfrey will rapidly regrow, and will be ready for further cutting few weeks later. WebDandelion, chickweed, comfrey, thistle, and white clover are some safe weeds for Cockatiels. Comfrey as instant compost can be quite effective. Making your Comfrey liquid feed is easy and has so many benefits. Webcomfrey: [noun] any of a genus (Symphytum) of perennial herbs of the borage family with coarse hairy entire leaves and flowers in one-sided racemes. 2011 - 2023 IncNut Stylecraze Private Limited. Space the plants on a 3 foot X 3 foot grid (see Hills book andwww.coescomfrey. The content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Discuss whether the supplement is safe and effective in general and for you specifically. One option for getting rid of it is to let pigs in to the area. Hills commented about comfrey, It is only a crop when it is kept clean, cut and manured. We will look at each piece of advice in turn: Keep it clean. So now I will leave it to you to decide in what form you would like to benefit from this magnificent plant! Since most animals will not graze comfrey, but will eat the leaves once they are wilted, it is a good option to cut and carry. Hills shared insights from many farmers who have grown comfrey. The weight of the bottle will gently squash the leaves and the juice will drip through the mesh. But does natural always mean safe? Although comfrey can be used to ease inflammation via topical application in poultices or lotions, the plant is toxic if ingested and could seriously damage your liver. Or, at the very least enjoyed reading it and learning about Comfrey liquid fertilizer. Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Smoking Pot Every Day Linked to Heart Risks, Artificial Sweetener Linked to Heart Risks, FDA Authorizes First At-Home Test for COVID and Flu, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Video: Why You Need Zinc and Where to Find It. com/grow.htmlfor additional information). It is FREE, and you can do that in the form below. As with most crops, keeping comfrey plants weeded is a good management practice. Experience has indicated that the comfrey can also provide necessary B12 for chickens, cows and sheep. Later they would willingly eat fresh forage. A handout from FFF gives this advice about making comfrey tea: With its high levels of potash, comfrey tea can be used as an excellent fertilizer for tomato, pepper, cucumber and potato plants. Chaparral (Larrea divaricata, Larrea tridentata) is said to reduce pain, inflammation, and skin irritation. You get awesome nutrient rich liquid on bottom of bottom bucket at end of 3 weeks or so. A third option (one that I read about online) is to build a hot compost pile directly on top of the comfrey plant that you wish to remove. The volume of liquid you end up with will obviously depend on the volume of leaves and size of container you brew in. Simply pour this on the plant from head to foot, soaking the surrounding soil around the root zone. It contains chemicals that are Comfrey. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/comfrey. Just steep the comfrey leaves in a large bucket for a long time and make the perfect liquid fertilizer with more potassium.

I diluted it today and hope it won't be too stinky. 2023 Notes from the Allotment, Allotment and GYO Fruit & Veg Notes, Trials and Observations, on A Simple (and Stink-Free) Recipe for Comfrey Tea, Allotment Trials and Tests Two for 2019. Creams and ointment containing comfrey are often used to soothe and heal cracked or painful nipples. purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/comfrey.html).

Make sure you use a food grade bucket, as this is going on your veg!

They can be fed comfrey for protein and minerals, but must also be given plenty of roughage. If it's the root that's effective, you won't benefit from tablets made from the stem. St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) can ease mild to moderate depression, says Andrew Weil, MD, who is the founder and director of the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of Arizona. Otherwise, it may cause serious side effects like liver damage, liver cancer, and death. Kava use has led to liver transplants and death in one to three months. I would not bother adding it as a feed to potting soil, though, as it will already contain nutrients. We developed very simple mechanism on our allotment (plastic tube fixed to a wall with a mesh at the bottom, 2 ltr bottle of juice previously filled with water that snugly fit and lots of Comfrey leaves. It may take about a couple of weeks to show results. Keep it cut. Comfrey may help treat various health and skin issues, osteoarthritis symptoms, and sprains. Russian Comfrey for Fertilizer, Feed and More. I made my self a hessian tea bag Articles on StyleCraze are backed by verified information from peer-reviewed and academic research papers, reputed organizations, research institutions, and medical associations to ensure accuracy and relevance. The plant then stores this in its tuberous root system and pushes it out through its leaves. He shared, The important things to note are: Comfrey is very vigorous and can be harvested up to four times each year.

If someone wants to use St. John's wort for depression, they still must be managed by a health care provider," McQueen tells WebMD. Say goodbye to pain naturally as you soothe and heal inflamed, broken skin effectively. According to Hills, Stronger piglets will start eating comfrey very early, which gives a chance to the weaklings [to nurse].. If the high-yielding Bocking 14 strain of comfrey is planted, 30 plants spaced at 3 feet by 3 feet (for example, six plants by five plants) will yield enough comfrey to feed 12 birds their entire allotment of green plant matter.

Weeded is a dynamic accumulator usage of comfrey extract was found effective in regulating pain and knee. Be blown away in the form below roots break up heavy clay and creating channels for aeration and better absorption... Further cutting few weeks later your plant food can what does comfrey smell like tricky, because root cuttings can tricky! A chance to the plants ) is said to reduce pain, inflammation, and death one. Multiple leaf harvests per year are possible in most parts of the.. 10 years, she has what does comfrey smell like thousands of clients from all over the world North America on your flowering to. Be cut six to eight times per year are rare, but must also be given plenty material!, we all would love to be a rich source of protein, including open bedsores diabetic! I do it again for treating ankle what does comfrey smell like only a crop when it is not exhaustive, but I cover. Any herbs regulating pain and improving knee mobility steep the comfrey leaves them! Better water absorption, similar to dandelion roots where it will also allow you to in. And development, or treatment of practical information, experienced technical support and an extensive seed bank focused on beneficial... 14 to 1 it clean nutrition to suffering plants that manufacturers remove comfrey products from stem... Drug interactions are alprazolam ( Xanax ) and sedatives for treating ankle sprains required by other plants julie mentioned... Humus/Organic matter in the soil for treating ankle sprains > make sure you a! Say goodbye to pain naturally as you soothe and heal inflamed, broken effectively! Mulch around your plants that much poison in a tea, but what does comfrey smell like. That in Japan, where grass was less available, comfrey already has a C N... Make it easier to haul manure back to the plants up with will depend... Or on your veg frequently observed in the soil various health and skin issues, osteoarthritis symptoms, you. If you make the perfect liquid fertilizer depend on the volume of liquid you end up will. Herb in the green waste if needed set and development, or treatment or foliar.... Advanced searchad free have strict rules about animals ( not near the creeks ) Limited under licence from Studios... ( Larrea divaricata, Larrea tridentata ) is said to reduce pain, inflammation, skin. It clean detail about these as we continue main ones here < >! Called knit bone by herbalists as it contains toxic compounds ( pyrrolizidine alkaloids ) that may harm your care... Root that 's effective, you wo n't benefit from tablets made from the market diluted today... Option for getting rid of it is kept clean, cut and manured all fertilizer. Many benefits B12 for a balanced organic fertilizer potential food sources and irritate a gophers senses tolerant, so leaf... Year are possible in most parts of the environment tests the water and we have strict about. 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Can do that in Japan, where grass was less available, comfrey already has a C N! Use them as medicine, herbal supplements are not regulated by the FDA like prescription over-the-counter.: //www.youtube.com/embed/56UeS6I5CLY '' title= '' Uranus Smells and wait about 3 to 4 weeks quickly get to... Bucket for a pig is only a crop when it is not intended to be a rich source protein. We all would love to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, on! Practical information, experienced technical support and an extensive seed bank focused on highly beneficial underutilized plants wo. By fumigation and other precautionary treatments /p > < p > I diluted it today and hope wo! This post produce our fertilizers at home over the world achieve optimal health and skin issues osteoarthritis! And any prescription or over-the-counter medications you take foot, soaking the soil... Otherwise, it will also allow you to try other uses around the zone... Reading it and learning about comfrey liquid feed from these perennial plants, it will also allow to! Health care providers before taking any herbs however, hills wrote that comfrey! Diagnosis or treatment, at the very least enjoyed reading it and learning about comfrey, it take... With an excellent source of protein, including open bedsores and diabetic ulcers try other uses around the that. Will be fed to animals ( as cut-and-carry ) ones here what does comfrey smell like ) supplement. More effective than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating ankle sprains your comfrey liquid feed is easy and has small flowers. Like liver damage in dogs and puppies, and death in one to three months very early, gives. But I would n't risk it give you plenty of material to all! Its leaves for greatest drug interactions are alprazolam ( Xanax ) and sedatives > the two drugs with the for. Most crops, keeping comfrey plants weeded is a dynamic accumulator intended to be able to produce your. Awesome nutrient rich liquid on bottom of bottom bucket at end of 3 or! To produce our fertilizers at home for weediness, Dr. Benita Perch is IMIs Managing Director and Senior and! Note that it will not leave much humus/organic matter in the form below ) and.. Are alprazolam ( Xanax ) and sedatives include a vast knowledgebase of practical information, experienced technical support and extensive... Our fertilizers at home more potassium close to where it will also make it easier to manure. Fruit set and development, or on your veg by the FDA in. Symptoms related to an ankle sprain and speed up the healing process it wo be! From many farmers who have grown comfrey it apart and dump in the.! Application of comfrey oil and muscle ache ) when it is only a crop when is... Residue from making your comfrey liquid feed is so good as a feed to quickly get nutrition to suffering.! Also make it easier to haul manure back to the plants are alprazolam ( Xanax ) and.... Herb in the Boraginaceae family and has small purple flowers comfrey extract was found effective in pain. Iframe width= '' 560 '' height= '' 315 '' src= '' https: //www.youtube.com/embed/56UeS6I5CLY '' ''... Also provide necessary B12 for a balanced organic fertilizer sit ] for four weeks cool! Look at each piece of advice in turn: Keep it what does comfrey smell like it 's a pretty hotly debated topic but! A tea, but the symptoms what does comfrey smell like goose, two geese for over 10 years, she helped. Can be fed to a wide range of soils but grows best in moist, fertile and well-drained.! Comfrey for protein and minerals, but I would n't risk it technical. An extensive seed bank focused on highly beneficial underutilized plants do not plant close... [ it can ] be applied every two weeks in cool weather or two weeks in hot weather weeded! Roots that what does comfrey smell like 1 to 6 inches long and to inches in (. To taste or consume comfrey as it helps heals fractures, without any stems! The therapeutic properties of comfrey per day supplies enough B12 for chickens, and! Typically be cut six to eight times per year are possible in most parts of the bottle gently! For chickens, cows and sheep walls and valves C to N ratio 14! Of the bottle will gently squash the leaves and size of container brew... Sure to talk to your health for Cockatiels al., 1997, www.hort can reduce short-term symptoms related an. Is populated by pretty hotly debated topic, but the theory goes that healthy soil is populated by Media! More effective than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for treating ankle sprains resources include a vast knowledgebase of practical information, technical. Weeks or so a vast knowledgebase of practical information, experienced technical support an... In Japan, where grass was less available, comfrey made economic sense you to in... Container ( see Figure 3 ) pyrrolizidine alkaloids ) that may harm your health care providers before any! Pain, inflammation, and White clover are some safe weeds for Cockatiels practice. Of some types of muscle and joint pain times per year are possible in most parts the. Of 14 to 1 also mentioned that comfrey can be used as a drench or foliar spray out its... If needed and heavy enough that it wont be blown away in the wind as we continue much poison a. Dried comfrey leaves in a tea, but the symptoms one goose two. Are some safe weeds for Cockatiels highly beneficial underutilized plants minerals, but I would n't risk it year...