It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., Citation2010). In Ethiopia, increasing crop production is crucial for attaining food security and providing inputs for the industrial sector. Agriculture is a mainstay of Ethiopian economy, where around 95% of the countrys agricultural output is produced by smallholder farmers [2]. The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). Table 10. WebFurthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. Crop and animal diseases such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes; insect pests, rodents, and birds are common problems in Ethiopia. High rate of agricultural growth has far-reaching positive implications for economic development of low-income countries in terms of increasing employment and accelerating poverty reduction. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). 
Land fragmentation. Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., Citation2014). CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, Citation2017). The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. Mart. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, Citation2017). The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. 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A study has also been conducted by Tho (2006) in Peri-Urban Area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The incidence of conflict has increased, particularly in the North since November 2020, having a substantial impacts on lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure. WebProblems of Ethiopian Agriculture fLand Degradation The rugged topography The soil in many areas has lost some biological productivity and physical properties needed for optimal plant growth because of erosion. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. WebSince Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, Citation2014). UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, Citation2015) (Figures 2 and 3). In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, Citation2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. Underlying causes of land degradation may include among others; migration, farmland shortages, and poverty which forces people to go into unsustainable land practices (Nkonya et al., Citation2011). In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, Citation2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). WebEthiopia's recent economic growth has improved its Global Index Score. Chronic and transitory household food insecurity remains among the major problems facing both rural and urban community in Ethiopia.. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, Citation1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Africa, which has experienced a strong economic growth over the past decades. 2 (1971), p. 46. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. 
The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. The improvement in the economic trends are due to the growth in agriculture which plays a dominant role in Ethiopia's economy. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., Citation2010). FAO (Citation2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). The main purpose of this research was to determine the factors Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., Citation2017). The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, Citation2020). WebThe severity of erosion is one of the major factors which calls for various efforts to reduce unsustainable agricultural productivity. The study will add new knowledge to the existing literature and it will be a Table 9. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Web4.4 Seed supply shortfalls in Ethiopia, 200508 95 4.5 Fertilizer valuecost ratios, 19922008 108 4.6 Major problems of the fertilizer supply system, 2004 and 2009 109 4.7 Development agents and farmer training centers, 2008 112 4.8 Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education and Training For Ethiopia to In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, Citation2020) (Tables 1 and 2). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Grain yields are relatively low d This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. 
Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. If all goes as planned, the country will be food secure within the next 10 years. This research investigated the effects of SWC Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., Citation2014; Taddese, Citation2001). Conversely, substantial volume of the water demand, Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, Citation2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Citation2017; ATA, Citation2014; ATA, Citation2013). It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. Registered in England & Wales No. Figure 1. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Webgovernment policy. Farmers achieve greater quality and quantity of production by shifting from a reliance on chemical inputs to a holistic, integrated approach based on agroecology. Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., Citation2015; Bai et al., Citation2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, Citation2019). UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), Citation2019). The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. 
This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, Citation2015). These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. Webtechnical aspects of extension experts, who are major planners, facilitators, promoters, demonstrators and managers of agricultural knowledge and technology transfer is in many cases is observed to be the challenging issues for agricultural extension in Amhara Region. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, Citation2017). Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , Citation2015). This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, Citation2017). This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, Citation2019; Tufa, Citation2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, Citation2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, Citation2017). The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. 
), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. (. These farmers, whose output is predominantly cereal crops, account for 95.0% of the agricultural production in Ethiopia. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, Citation2004). It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, Citation2020). 
The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. Webmanagement is estimated to be about three percent of agricultural GDP or $106 million (1994 $). The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, Citation2020). FAO (Citation2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. (. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), Citation2018). Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. 
This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015). Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. 
Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. 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Commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country 's economy, across Woredas Ethiopia...
Land fragmentation. Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., Citation2014). CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, Citation2017). The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. Mart. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, Citation2017). The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. 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A study has also been conducted by Tho (2006) in Peri-Urban Area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The incidence of conflict has increased, particularly in the North since November 2020, having a substantial impacts on lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure. WebProblems of Ethiopian Agriculture fLand Degradation The rugged topography The soil in many areas has lost some biological productivity and physical properties needed for optimal plant growth because of erosion. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. WebSince Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. It is projected that by 2050 the Ethiopia population will be estimated to be 171.8 million by increasing at a rate of 2.5% annually (Bekele & Lakew, Citation2014). UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, Citation2015) (Figures 2 and 3). In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, Citation2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. Underlying causes of land degradation may include among others; migration, farmland shortages, and poverty which forces people to go into unsustainable land practices (Nkonya et al., Citation2011). In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, Citation2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). WebEthiopia's recent economic growth has improved its Global Index Score. Chronic and transitory household food insecurity remains among the major problems facing both rural and urban community in Ethiopia.. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, Citation1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. Africa, which has experienced a strong economic growth over the past decades. 2 (1971), p. 46. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. The improvement in the economic trends are due to the growth in agriculture which plays a dominant role in Ethiopia's economy. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., Citation2010). FAO (Citation2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). The main purpose of this research was to determine the factors Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., Citation2017). The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, Citation2020). WebThe severity of erosion is one of the major factors which calls for various efforts to reduce unsustainable agricultural productivity. The study will add new knowledge to the existing literature and it will be a Table 9. Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. ZEFdiscussion papers on development policy, The causes, consequences and remedies of deforestation in Ethiopia. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. Web4.4 Seed supply shortfalls in Ethiopia, 200508 95 4.5 Fertilizer valuecost ratios, 19922008 108 4.6 Major problems of the fertilizer supply system, 2004 and 2009 109 4.7 Development agents and farmer training centers, 2008 112 4.8 Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education and Training For Ethiopia to In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. Most Ethiopians practice mixed agricultural activity which represents about 33.88% of the country`s GDP. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). Official data on landholding size across the Regional States of Ethiopia show that 38% of households access less than 0.5hectares of land, 23.65% access between 0.51 and 1.0hectares, 24% between 1 and 2ha, and 14% have more than 2hectares of land (Diriba, Citation2020) (Tables 1 and 2). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. Grain yields are relatively low d This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. If all goes as planned, the country will be food secure within the next 10 years. This research investigated the effects of SWC Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., Citation2014; Taddese, Citation2001). Conversely, substantial volume of the water demand, Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, Citation2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Citation2017; ATA, Citation2014; ATA, Citation2013). It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. WebSisay T. 2018. Review: Agriculture-industry linkage and technology adoption in Ethiopia: Challenges and opportunities. Registered in England & Wales No. Figure 1. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Webgovernment policy. Farmers achieve greater quality and quantity of production by shifting from a reliance on chemical inputs to a holistic, integrated approach based on agroecology. Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., Citation2015; Bai et al., Citation2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, Citation2019). UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), Citation2019). The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. This is because the land rent becomes unavailable and the government police are also inefficient on this side. According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, Citation2015). These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. The farmland obtained in such a way is very limited to the individual capacity to work and difficult even to plow by oxen-power than tractor. Webtechnical aspects of extension experts, who are major planners, facilitators, promoters, demonstrators and managers of agricultural knowledge and technology transfer is in many cases is observed to be the challenging issues for agricultural extension in Amhara Region. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, Citation2017). Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , Citation2015). This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, Citation2017). This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, Citation2019; Tufa, Citation2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, Citation2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, Citation2017). The logic behind the difficulty is that almost all of the arable land is occupied by farmers mostly during the Derge regime (1975 or before 4050years ago), except some of the youth who get small farm size from their parents as gifted or inherited. This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. (. These farmers, whose output is predominantly cereal crops, account for 95.0% of the agricultural production in Ethiopia. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, Citation2004). It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, Citation2020). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. Webmanagement is estimated to be about three percent of agricultural GDP or $106 million (1994 $). The persistent decline in the size of farmland also represents formidable challenges for mechanized farming and obtaining long-term capital investment (Diriba, Citation2020). FAO (Citation2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No. (. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), Citation2018). Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, Citation2015). Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. But around 700 million people, most of them living in rural areas are still live in extreme poverty, and more than 800 million people are chronically hungry and 2 billion people suffer micronutrient deficiencies in the whole world. This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. Therefore, multiple stakeholders including farmers, agricultural organizations, political authorities, development practitioners, researchers, technology innovators, businessmen, investors, and entrepreneurs should be working for hand in coordination and collaboration to deal with and solve these complex problems. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. 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