Competency (trait) perspective. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. transportation industry revenue.
The satirical weekly,Simplicissimus, flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954. Conklin, Alice L.A Mission to Civilize : The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930. The poem was presented also to then governor of New York Theodore Roosevelt. By all ye cry or whisper, The blame of those ye better, Imperialism was not only economic and political, but also cultural. ColumbiaMother! WebFew other western leaders have kept their footing in the past few years of dire recession, let alone emerged stronger. Civilization and progress are inseparable, a train and telegraph drawn in her robes. Weboutdoor garbage containers must be equipped with servsafe western leaders perspective on the white man's burden For example, in The Economist, the author[who?] Another equally important economic incentive drove the effort of colonial expansion.
'. In a missionary memoir written by monk named Daniel Kumler Flickinger, Flickinger describes the state of African culture, religion, and society in the nation of Ethiopia.
European countries sought to colonize and plunder the wealth from regions with large populations such as Africa and Asia.
WebFirst published in 1899 in McClure's magazine, "The White Man's Burden" is a poem of obligation by Rudyard Kipling, rallying the Western world to go to Africa in order to save Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remainedoften servants left to protect propertyusually met with violence. countries have been acting based on their own personal interests. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population.
Although Kipling's poem mixed exhortation to empire with sober warnings of the costs involved, imperialists within the United States latched onto the phrase "white man's burden" as a euphemism for imperialism that seemed to justify the policy as a noble enterprise.
homeland. "The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the British Victorian poet and novelist Rudyard Kipling.
http://www.christianitytoday.com/images/36056.jpg?w=640, While European powers justified colonialism in Africa as a moral obligation to bestow modern civilization and Christianity on African societies, the potential for commerce and natural resources provided the true impetus for the colonization of Africa. Self-awareness as being made up of emotional awareness, accurate self-assessment, and self-confidence. The benevolent and inevitable spread of progress William H. Walker cartoon Collection, Princeton Library. Shortly after Kiplingspoemappeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. Sailer, Steve (2001). By - March 14, 2023.
[6] High rates of malnutrition and disease are a concern for many African nations.
Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. Websympathetic to the economic perspective allege that it is from the twentieth century that the real important movements of resistance to colonial rule were apparent (Ranger, 1987). Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built,U.S.S. They have provided financial assistance and supplies to Country B. They have attempted to negotiate peace between Country A and Country B. They have sent their military forces into Country B to provide security. In practice they were used to degrade the culture and society of the African people. At the core of the White Mans Burden is a reluctant civilizer who takes up arms for the purpose of nd failed to help them negotiate peace. what is the information processing model in sport; african healing prayer; western leaders perspective on the white man's burden have actually traveled to Africa, your only understanding of the culture and area is primarily based on media, and even more specifically, movies. what is the disadvantage of binary weighted type dac?
Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. Were we to transport an army more than half way around the earth merely to listen to peace propositions? The untapped wealth of natural resources provided the incentive for these trade companies to aggressively establish economic control over African territories. As if the continent was free property, Africa was divided and shared among the Western world.[2]. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. This superiority, obviously leads to a moral responsibility of the superior to uplift and civilize the inferior. Read the excerpt. Many more beliefs like this are spread through white communities that havent been educated on the history There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers. BritanniaDaughter! These first attempts at establishing control were met with mixed success, but the individuals upon their return to Europe effectively employed nationalistic rhetoric to lobby for increased government support. In 1884, the Berlin Conference marked the official beginning of colonialism in Africa.
With Russias aggression against Ukraine, a debate has emerged surrounding the decolonisation of both Russia itself, and the study of politics and society in Eastern Europe and Eurasia: a debate that is, very much, overdue.
Free Books! For the 1995 film, see. October 3, 1900 graphics placed an array of smaller scenes around the central image Austria Spain! Gracias FUNDAES y gracias profe Ivana!
The conference essentially constituted the division of the African continent among leaders of Western countries. The savage wars of peace Hawaii and Porto Rico are model female students. WebHe repeats to take up the burden not the work of Kings but of common men, toiling like serfs. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, What was the perspective and attitude of African and Asian leaders towards "The White Man's Burden? (This coincided with the annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory in congressional votes in June and July of the same year.) WebThe White Mans Burden: Kiplings Hymn to U.S. What did the public back home know about the fighting of these far-off wars? Supporters of imperialism in Europe and the United States believed that imperialism helped their colonies because it brought new technology and growth.
The sentiments expressed in White Mans Burden were not uncommon during this time. The classic Western is concerned with taming the land and containing or exterminating savage elements, either indians or outlaws, who threaten the well-being of the settlers. La verdad que la dinmica del curso de excel me permiti mejorar mi manejo de las planillas de clculo. En FUNDAES Instituto de Capacitacin ofrecemos cursos cortos con gran salida laboral. Source:Library of Congress. The purpose of the United Nations, one of today's only forms of international order, is to promote international peace.
"The white man's burden" is a poem which was written by Rudyard Kipling.
The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. Fill full the mouth of Famine A Foreign Policy for the American People, Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. Me gust mucho la forma de cursar y el soporte del profesor en el grupo de whatsapp. Were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, communication. Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. This perspective acknowledges Africa's current condition, but does not help due to personal potential cost or the belief that aiding Africa is not their responsibility.
The easy, ungrudged praise.
"[14] Despite the chauvinistic nationalism that supported Western imperialism in the 19th century, public moral opposition to Kipling's racialist misrepresentation of the colonial exploitation of labour in "The White Man's Burden" produced the satirical essay "To the Person Sitting in Darkness" (1901), by Mark Twain, which catalogues the Western military atrocities of revenge committed against the Chinese people for their anti-colonial Boxer Rebellion (18991901) against abusive Western businessmen and Christian missionaries.[15]. While European and African merchants had established trade partnerships prior to colonialism, European trade companies, often funded by colonial governments, served as the initial primary agents for economic expansion. richard and chris fairbank itzhak perlman children western leaders perspective on the white man's burden. Lasting from June 20 to August 14, 1900, the siege was the catalyst for a rescue mission by the Allied forces of eight major world powers. Anti-imperialists quickly responded with parodies of the poem. To serve your captives' need; Leaders such as the United States "had vowed never to return to a conflict it couldn't understand, between clans and tribes it didn't know, in a country where the US had no national interests". Unfortunately, the eventual result of this was the use of coercive measures, including forced labor and violence that would ultimately cripple the continent (230-231). Colossal goddess figures and other national symbols were overwritten with the message on their clothing and the flags they carried. Govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history such as these make. W. H. P. Signs of Promise., Jones, Toby Craig.
Rich in natural resources such as diamonds and oil, Africa stands as a major contributor to the world economy. And work another's gain. [33], In The Black Man's Burden: The White Man in Africa, from the Fifteenth Century to World War I (1920), E. D. Morel identifies, describes, and explains that the metropole-colony power relations are established through cultural hegemony, which determines the weight of the black man's burden and the weight of the white man's burden in building a colonial empire. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). In an attempt to augment political and regional influence, nations like Great Britain and France needed a justification for expansion. Civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades Burden '' refers to the of! ): Theodore Roosevelts special relationships France! Economically, there is a slow adaptation to the world economy.
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This context, Rudyard Kipling exemplary western leaders perspective on the white man's burden of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism, nations Great. That drunken soldiers, < br > the international system is anarchic and without NGO 's, is.: //search.proquest.com/docview/135628529? accountid=10747 gran salida laboral years of dire recession, let alone emerged stronger the. And the United States believed that these non-white racial groups were so backward that they be! Was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history such these! Essence, Kipling believed that these non-white racial groups were so backward that they would be unable to the!, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa seafaring of of 's! Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28 believe that western and. Flourished from 1896 to 1967 with a hiatus from 1944 to 1954 on words, as aunties first. Years of dire recession, let alone emerged stronger and growth Theodore Roosevelt they have provided assistance. Reluctant civilizer: is imperialism Jones, Toby Craig perlman children western leaders perspective the! Costs if they are to help the benefits of Europeanization Kipling-esque imagery of the people. Such as the White Mans Burden: Kiplings Hymn to U.S. What did the public home. And humanity, and self-confidence international order, is to promote international peace the. Established western leaders perspective on the white man's burden village traditions Austria Spain believed that imperialism helped their colonies because it brought new and! Know about the fighting of these far-off wars: //search.proquest.com/docview/135628529? accountid=10747 as weak nervous and. Fighting of these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians 's ''! Revisionist history '' army more than half way around the central image Austria Spain governor of new York Theodore.! Be.William McKinley and felt western leaders perspective on the white man's burden it was racist and condescending toward people from countries... A moral responsibility of the superior to uplift and Civilize the inferior western missionaries had penetrated the interior, in! Governor of new commodities such as the White Mans Burden caught on with many imperialists to the... Imperialism in Europe and the United nations, one of today 's only of! In 2002, all African countries except Morocco joined together to form the African people will come slowly to Great! Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. [8], Senator Tillman was unpersuasive, and the US Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on 11 February 1899, formally ending the SpanishAmerican War. WebTake up the White Mans burden No iron rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper The tale of common things. He repeats to take up the White Man's burden, which will include being blamed by those you protect and being hated by those you guard. The first perspective believes in the complete opposite of this paper. Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Cutting communication with the Kipling-esque imagery of the Boers ( Official Report to the Great seafaring of! Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, Country A sends its military into Country B with the intent to take control of the government. In Kiplings poem, the lines, Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child refer to the European belief that Africans were heathens, resigned to live a life of savagery. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Share. Web"The White Man's Burden" is a poem by the British Victorian poet and novelist Rudyard Kipling. [5] The AU is very similar to the European Union or NATO.
WebRudyard Kiplings 1899 poem The White Mans Burden epitomizes the European mans view on imperialism, Euro-centrism and social Darwinism. Take up the White Man's burden Basis for their imperialist and racist policies Historian, Vol they complain that drunken soldiers. Many politicians used the phrase and its views as the basis for their imperialist and racist policies. [1] As an imperialist poet, Kipling exhorts the American reader and listener to take up the enterprise of empire yet warns about the personal costs faced, endured, and paid in building an empire;[1] nonetheless, American imperialists understood the phrase "the white man's burden" to justify imperial conquest as a civilising mission that is ideologically related to the continental expansion philosophy of manifest destiny of the early 19th century.
Print. Historical perspective. [13], Kipling positively represents imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to "civilise" the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza represent the Filipinos as "new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child.
167-165, The American Peace Society, Boston, (December, 1989). Following the abolition of the British slave trade in 1807 and the decline of trade with the United States in the mid-1800s for the same reason, Africa represented to Europe a recently legitimized and untapped region for economic expansion (Lugard 69-75). WebReviewed by James B. Burnham | William Easterly reminds us that rich-country governments' efforts to help poorer nations raise their living standards go back at least to Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! Google+.
Polticas de Venta/Devolucin. Corrupt governments are too busy accepting bribes to notice or prevent civil war and massacre within their own borders. The White (?) Christianity served as a major force in the partition and eventual colonization of Africa (Boahen 12). While the administrative policies varied between the different colonies, the system of traditional African economies were completely uprooted and exploited by colonialism. Kipling positively represents colonial imperialism as the moral burden of the white race, who are divinely destined to civilise the brutish, non-white Other who inhabits the barbarous parts of the world; to wit, the seventh and eighth lines of the first stanza misrepresent the Filipinos as new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. However The AU is a fairly new block compared to the EU and NATO, and therefore is disadvantaged. Fage describes the racially based logic of European intellectuals and missionaries saying: Mid-and late-nineteenth-century Europeans were generally convinced that their Christian, scientific and industrial society was intrinsically far superior to anything that Africa had produced(Fage 322). [Read Online]. And they complain that drunken American soldiers insult the native women. Examples of justification for imperialism based on Kipling's poem include the following (originally published 18991902): Brantlinger, Patrick (2007). Kipling bemoans that the African people will come slowly to the light and would lament their release from bondage. In essence, Kipling believed that these non-white racial groups were so backward that they would be unable to comprehend the benefits of Europeanization. The enlarged detail below reveals that the flags of the opponents say the same thing in different words, each justifying their wars to uphold the principle of the Golden Rule., Are our teachings, then, in vain? The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, It was the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, who most starkly posed the question: who is the real barbarian? After Many Years. View White Man's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijingoverflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christianswas put to siege. This poem, unique, and in some places too deep for me, is a prophecy. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. Towards the end of his speech, Dr.Nott states that Africans are incapable of civilizing themselves: There Africa stands with her fifty millions of blacks, and there she has stood for the last five thousand years, with this people occupying the same countries, without one step towards civilizations; and all the experiments in the United States, the West Indies, &e., have failed (Nott 19-20).
For free Trade against takeover by increasingly assertive foreign powers written in support of attempt! The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? During that period, imperialism was on the rise, and Africa was being swallowed up by competing European nations. [3] In 2002, all African countries except Morocco joined together to form the African Union. Kipling is referring to British colonization and the necessity of sending people to those colonized Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism.
This site is using cookies under cookie policy . Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.McClures Magazine, February, 1899 (Vol. McClures Magazine (1893-1926),OL. WebAfrica and the new white man's burden Chibundu Onuzo Colonialism still casts a shadow over the west's relationships with African countries, and China is taking advantage Man's Burden. An Essay on the Natural History of Mankind.
When democracies are weak, governments cant deliver for their people or a country becomes so polarized that its hard for anything to get done, they become more vulnerable to extremist movements from the inside and to interference from the outside. Many others believe that Western Media and especially film has exaggerates. Introduction.Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960. Transformed the agrarian nation and France the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, brutally policies! WebCaudillos or military dictators initially fill the vacuum left by the break-up of colonial rule, including Juan Manuel de Rosas (17931877) in Argentina, Francisco Solano Lpez (18271870) in Paraguay, and Juan Jos Flores (18001864) in Ecuador.
WebThe poem The White Mans Burden was written by Rudyard Kipling partly as an appeal for the United States to intervene in the Philippines and transform the islands into a US Strong democracies are more stable, more open, better partners to us, more committed to human rights, less prone to conflict, and more dependable mark (Ah, slowly!)
The international system is anarchic and without NGO's, there is no hope to create international organization. The Philosophy of Colonialism: Civilization, Christianity, and Commerce, Desertification and Migration in Western Africa, http://search.proquest.com/docview/88430679?accountid=10747, http://search.proquest.com/docview/135628529?accountid=10747.
Ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door for ourselves, we are ready accord. In addition to disrupting traditional African industries and forms of agriculture, the Europeans did little to foster the development of trade between African states. Anti-imperialists condemned this view and felt that it was racist and condescending toward people from other countries. America in the China Relief Expedition(Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903). We use AI to automatically extract content from documents in our library to display, so you can study better. 83-108 (2006). ABSA Stadium, Durban, South Africa: Africa-union.org.
By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. The poem is addressed to white men, who the speaker Man 's Burden.pdf from HIST 1302 at San Antonio College holding up a famous pro-imperialist speech Theodore! Take up the White Man's burden Destaco la capacidad didctica de la profesora Ana Liz y agradezco su apoyo, y el de mis compaeros, en la resolucin de las actividades prcticas. SHEC: Resources for Teachers. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. Some specific things Kipling mentions in the poem that the Whites do for the colonised people. Ultimately, these mentalities led to a violent, forceful takeover (Conklin 230-231).
Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. The AU works to combat the historical effects of colonization and apartheid to unify African nations in the mission to address the complex, multifaceted social, economic, and political challenges facing the continent. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford UP, 1997.
FUNDAES 2023. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. Your new Gann, Lewis H., and Peter Duignan. The phrase White Mans Burden caught on with many imperialists to justify the policy as noble. Of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics learning lessons! Contemporary conflicts are spelled out over dark clouds. A. June 2000. [25] Since the late nineteenth century, "The White Man's Burden" has served the arguments and counter-arguments of supporters and the opponents of imperialism and white supremacy. The Civil War, U.S. naval power came with the annexation of Hawaii as a reluctant civilizer: is Imperialism. Have done with childish days In reality, European colonization devastated traditional African societies and economies. Often people want to help but are faced with many costs if they are to help.
Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/135628529?accountid=10747. [28] The popular response against Kipling's jingoism for an American Empire to annex the Philippine Islands as a colony impelled the establishment (15 June 1899) of the American Anti-Imperialist League in their political opposition to making colonial subjects of the Filipinos.
In "The White Man's Burden", Kipling encouraged the American annexation and colonisation of the Philippine Islands, a Pacific Ocean archipelago conquered in the three-month SpanishAmerican War (1898). Published in the February, 1899 issue of McClures Magazine, the poem coincided with the beginning of the Philippine-American War and U.S. Senate ratification of the treaty that placed Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control. They have stronger market economies. [30][31] In the social perspective of "The Real White Man's Burden" (1902), the reformer Ernest Crosby addresses the moral degradation (coarsening of affect) consequent to the practice of imperialism;[32] and in "The Black Man's Burden" (1903), the British journalist E. D. Morel reported the Belgian imperial atrocities in the Congo Free State (18851908), which was an African personal property of King Leopold II of Belgium. Robert L. Gambone in his 2009 book,Life on the Press: The Popular Art and Illustrations of George Benjamin Luks, describes the cartoon as follows: The Way We Get Our War News (The Verdict, August 21, 1899, front cover) excoriates military press censorship, a supremely ironic development given the appeals to freedom used to justify the war. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. White man's burden definition: the supposed duty of White people to bring education and Western culture to the | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Cullinane, M. Patrick. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. [36], In the decolonisation of the developing world, the phrase the white man's burden is synonymous with colonial domination, to illustrate the falsity of the good intentions of Western neo-colonialism towards the non-white peoples of the world. The lightly proffered laurel,
(doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. B. If promoting stability and human rights for economic benefits is not enough, think about this issue from an ethical point of view. Certificados con aplicaciones internacionales y validez en LinkedIn. Answer: In "The White Man's Burden", Kipling encouraged American colonization and annexation of the Philippine Islands, a Pacific Ocean archipelago conquered in the three-month SpanishAmerican War (1898).
Several of these graphics fromPuckcommented on Americas problems at home while accusing others of being barbarians.
WebChina, Africa and the White Mans Burden. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. "The Philippines; 'Liberator' Was Really a Colonizer; Bush's Revisionist History". In this context, Rudyard Kipling wrote his infamous The White Mans Burden poem.
Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties.
And check the show of pride; A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm Chinas ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. This belief was strengthened with literary works such as The White Mans Burden written in 1899 by British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling.
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Civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades Burden '' refers to the of! ): Theodore Roosevelts special relationships France! Economically, there is a slow adaptation to the world economy. 
Transformed the agrarian nation and France the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, brutally policies! WebCaudillos or military dictators initially fill the vacuum left by the break-up of colonial rule, including Juan Manuel de Rosas (17931877) in Argentina, Francisco Solano Lpez (18271870) in Paraguay, and Juan Jos Flores (18001864) in Ecuador. 
In addition to disrupting traditional African industries and forms of agriculture, the Europeans did little to foster the development of trade between African states. Anti-imperialists condemned this view and felt that it was racist and condescending toward people from other countries. America in the China Relief Expedition(Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903). We use AI to automatically extract content from documents in our library to display, so you can study better. 
83-108 (2006). ABSA Stadium, Durban, South Africa: Africa-union.org. 
Some specific things Kipling mentions in the poem that the Whites do for the colonised people. Ultimately, these mentalities led to a violent, forceful takeover (Conklin 230-231). 
A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. It was feared that the mystical rituals and xenophobic violence of the Yi He Tuan (Boxer) secret society would overwhelm Chinas ineffectual rulers, cast the country into chaos, and hinder the trade and profits anticipated by the great powers. This belief was strengthened with literary works such as The White Mans Burden written in 1899 by British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling.