The U.S. military has more resources and planning experience compared to other agencies and partners, which provide a tremendous opportunity to coordinate, synchronize, and harmonize the instruments and subsequently the mission partners involved. Those in Turkey and Israel say strong ties with the U.S. are more important, and those in Lebanon and Tunisia say close economic ties with China are more important. These actions tend to be broader in scope and political in nature as they impact entire nations. The organizations participate in the activities of collection, processing, integration, analysis, and interpretation of available information of hostile or potentially hostile forces that result in intelligence products.17 Activities are often associated with processes (such as the Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment process, the targeting process, the intelligence process, etc. 4 Military Strategic Plan for the Global War on Terrorism (Washington, DC: The Joint Staff, February 1, 2006), 6, available at . Laying out the instruments of national power and distinguishing between hard and soft approaches is essential to evaluating a grand strategy and proposing the use of instruments to countervail a competing state. This chapter examines the foundations of Chinas national power: its national resources, national performance, and military capabilities. Strategy: Directing the Instruments of National Power By Steven Aftergood April 30, 2018 The tools that can be used to assert national power and influence have often been summarized by the acronym DIME Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic. Only in Australia and Indonesia do more say Chinas influence is good than say the same about the U.S. 18 This includes all of the intelligence disciplinesgeospatial, human, signals, measurement and signature, and so forth. Finally, the report sheds light on the Chinese policy interests that trigger Beijings use of economic coercion. The U.S. Government has 17 national agencies with different mission sets utilized for intelligence-sharing and cooperation. The emergence of a new strategic environment necessitates an orchestration of multiple instruments of power. China learns from previous experiences, adopting tactics that work and abandoning those that do not. In Lebanon, for example, those who say China is the worlds leading economic power are 62 percentage points more likely than those who think the U.S. is the top economy to want strong economic ties with China. As with all instruments of power, there is overlap, but the major difference is in the purpose, players, audience, and activities involved in each instrument. Sources of national power are different for, each country and can change. 16 Goodman and Browning, The Art of Financial Warfare.. 26 The diplomatic, intelligence, and military instruments enable the law enforcement instruments of power. China has punished countries that undermine its territorial claims and foreign policy goals with measures such as restricting trade, encouraging popular boycotts, and cutting off tourism. Fort Lesley J. McNair For the four Middle East and North African countries surveyed, opinions are mixed. The focus of the intelligence IOP is the production of value-added data for the commander or decisionmaker to make informed decisions. 1 0 obj Major Timothy Charles Walton, USA, is an Effects Integrator in the Counter-Facilitation Task Force at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. WebThe military instrument of national power can be used in a wide variety of ways that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity. Pyle Center for Northeast Asia Studies, John M. Shalikashvili Chair in National Security Studies, Center for Innovation, Trade, and Strategy. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. The financial IOP was born during the war on terror, as the United States sought to disrupt and dismantle global terrorist financial networks. There are many key mission partners involved with the law enforcement IOP that include national, international, and foreign legal departments and law enforcement agencies. When comparing the two superpowers, by a slim margin, more people in the Asia-Pacific region say China plays a large role in their countrys economic conditions (six-country median of 78%) than say the same of the U.S. (74%).

Yet, far more commonly, when Beijing unilaterally uses its own coercive economic measures it does so to bolster its territorial claims and national sovereignty or to advance other core interests. When comparing the two superpowers, by a slim margin, more people in the Asia-Pacific region say China plays a large role in their countrys economic conditions (six-country median of 78%) than say the same of the U.S. (74%). Roughly three-quarters in Kenya and Nigeria say the same, while about six-in-ten see at least a fair amount of Chinese influence on their domestic economies in the three Latin American countries surveyed. WebPower is not simply what resources a country has at its disposal. In the past decade, China has expanded its set of such economic instruments to include sticks, not just carrots. This paper draws its conclusions primarily from nine cases of Chinese economic coercion since 2010: seven cases where China acted alone and two where it joined a broader multilateral campaign of economic pressure. A disruption of funding for a target entity can be achieved through compelling private banking institutions to deny currency loans or credit; blacklisting individuals, corporations, or states; utilizing financial sanctions; or freezing assets.12 Disruptions are made possible because of U.S. worldwide dominance in the financial sector. Majorities in most countries surveyed say China has a substantial amount of influence on the economic affairs of their countries. Likewise, more see the U.S. than China as the top economy in all three sub-Saharan African countries surveyed, though the publics are largely divided. Poles and Slovaks are also at least 10 points more likely to choose the U.S. over China. National security reviews now include transactions in which a foreign investment was merely a minority interest instead of a controlling share and extend review powers into the real estate sector. As a result, the economic instrument relies on the diplomatic instrument to carry out these actions. The financial and intelligence IOPs are closely linked, delivering more precise effects related to financial systems and funding, whereas the economic IOP is tied to the diplomatic IOP, broader in scope and related to interstate commerce. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. It will attempt to answer this question by applying the various instruments of national power to form a qualitative assessment of the degree to which NATO exerts itself in these those power domains and how effectively these prepare NATO for conventional warfare. As the prospect of material gain now looks less promising, nationalism and repression are the most likely instruments of choice for the party to maintain its monopoly on power. (f C3 endstream endobj 627 0 obj <>stream China wants to be the dominant economic and military power of the world, spreading its authoritarian vision for society and its corrupt practices worldwide. Tunisians also see Chinese influence as more positive than negative, but by a smaller margin. Indians, Indonesians and South Koreans are also much more likely to see the U.S. influence as positive than negative. U.S. strategic direction and joint doctrine state the importance of synchronizing and incorporating a whole-of-government approach in order to utilize all IOPs for unity of effort. Across many of these countries, too, there is little ambiguity about which country is dominant, with double-digit differences between the shares who choose the U.S. and who choose China as the top economy. More than two-thirds in each of the sub-Saharan African countries surveyed describe current economic ties with both China and the U.S. as good, and around half or more say the same in each of the Latin American countries surveyed. Although the focus of the financial IOP has been on the VEO threat, it could be expanded to address other threats and actors including transnational crime organizations, state proxy groups, nonstate actors, and states. 3 National Strategy for Combatting Terrorism (Washington, DC: The White House, 2003), 15, available at . Power sets the parameters on each action or set of actions between political entities. As such, investing in the right capabilities is Thus, a more strategic global integration concept is vital in todays environment. Strategy: Directing the Instruments of National Power By Steven Aftergood April 30, 2018 The tools that can be used to assert national power and influence have often been summarized by the acronym DIME Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic. This is probably most evident in the developing world, particularly Africa. This in turn can reduce the suffering of the population and improve U.S. legitimacy and credibility. Strategic Asia Program Strategic Asia However, roughly a third still name China as the top economy in Mexico and Argentina, and this share has gone up by 6 percentage points in Argentina since 2018. These various ways can be understood to occur across a continuum of conflict ranging from peace to war. Greeks, Italians, and Hungarians similarly evaluate the U.S. economy as more powerful than the Chinese economy, but by a slimmer margin (5 points in all three countries). Shows of force or military adventurism are thus possible consequences of Chinas slowing growth. Opinions are unified in the Asia-Pacific countries surveyed, with greater shares in all six preferring strong U.S. economic ties. Capitol Hill should also work to fund innovation in key economic sectors. The first mention of FIL pertaining to the National Security Strategy was in 2003, in a document that called for defeating terrorism through the direct and indirect use of DIME-FIL IOPs.3 Subsequently, similar language appeared in the 2006 National Military Strategic Plan for the war on terror and focused on cooperation among U.S. agencies, coalitions, and partners to integrate all instruments of U.S. and partner national power . . L. No. Webconventional military forces, potential adversaries have developed strategies to use the information domain to project soft power to counter. Outside of Canada, the U.S. and some of the Asia-Pacific countries surveyed, around half or more in every other country see current economic ties positively. Sources of national power are different for, each country and can change. 24 Global Trends: Paradox of Progress (Washington, DC: National Intelligence Council, January 2017), 215221, available at . Substantial minorities in most countries did not offer any opinion of Chinas influence. For the State and Defense Departments, integrating all four elements of national power to achieve optimal negotiation outcomes is a highly complex and increasingly important requirement to achieve US strategic objectives given the disappearance of unconditional surrender and its nearly unlimited diplomatic yield to victorious states. Summarized on page x and detailed in entire publication. Global integration is defined by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 3100.01D and the Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America as the arrangement of cohesive joint force actions in time, space, and purpose, executed as a whole to address transregional, multifunctional challenges across all domains through the seamless integration of multiple elements of national powerdiplomacy, information, economics, finance, intelligence, law enforcement and military.6 The concept addresses the importance of a unified effort across all elements of national power and could provide a framework to incorporate global integration for the commander and planners to truly leverage all government agencies strengths, achieve military objectives, and ultimately protect national interests. When directly comparing the perceived positive influence from the U.S. and China, outside of the Asia-Pacific region, Chinese economic influence is largely seen in more positive terms than American influence. Commanders could improve U.S. legitimacy with strategic communication, clarifying the message that the United States wants to enable countries to establish their own rules of law and improve their security and stability. 2 (2017), 8. endobj Xi has made clear that under his continued leadership, China will take a more assertive posture abroad. As the prospect of material gain now looks less promising, nationalism and repression are the most likely instruments of choice for the party to maintain its monopoly on power. WebThe military instrument of national power can be used in a wide variety of ways that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity. These various ways can be understood to occur across a continuum of conflict ranging from peace to war. 21 JP 3-13, Information Operations (Washington, DC: The Joint Staff, November 27, 2012, Incorporating Change 1, November 20, 2014), available at . The key aspect of the financial instrument is the denial of access to financial systems, mainly through the Treasury Department, providing precision effects and denying adversaries access to financial systems. By Cesar Augusto Rodriguez, Timothy Charles Walton, and Hyong Chu These instruments should focus on creating effects on adversary critical capabilities and vulnerabilities, many of which will not be military in nature. For too long Chinese economic coercion has escaped sustained scrutiny. After the Ukraine conflict, the Office of Foreign Assistance Control created a blacklist to paralyze the financial dealings of a Russian billionaire friendly to the Kremlin, blocking transactions and payments from his bank by JPMorgan Chase, Visa, and MasterCard at a Russian embassy in Kazakhstan.16 In an attempt to halt Chinese global investment, mergers to steal intellectual property, technology, and sensitive data, the Trump administration recently expanded the power of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. Identify the Mission Partners Involved with Each Instrument and Incorporate Them Early and Often in Planning. In France, the share that views China as the top economic power has increased by 7 percentage points since 2018, flipping the top choice from the U.S. to China. Shows of force or military adventurism are thus possible consequences of Chinas slowing growth. Across the Asia-Pacific region, six-in-ten or more in each country say their economic ties to the U.S. are currently good. Recently, as Chinas market has grown ever more important to global companies, China has also begun targeting individual corporations with coercive measures if they fail to adopt Beijings preferred policy positions. For example, Russia conceptualizes political warfare using nonmilitary and above-military categories (political, network, economic, financial, intelligence, legal, cultural, propaganda, drug, and so forth), which are similar to the DIME-FIL IOPs while continuing to emphasize the military instrument.1 As peer competitors develop such fluid and threshold-based gray zone concepts, the United States must adapt in order to compete in a changing threat environment. Learn more about Strategic Asia. Since its proposed regime for the South China Sea is qualitatively so profoundly unappealing, China seeks to win votes through the coercive use of the negative instruments of its national power. The DIME construct is overused and outmatched in our current environment. U.S. military legal expertise should broaden to international law and be incorporated into planning (not just law of armed conflict and rules of engagement). Beijings use of coercive measures is growing in frequency and evolving in scope. Even in Turkey, about half say the relationship is positive. The increased understanding of the FIL IOPs allows the joint community to update doctrine, synchronize, and involve mission partners early in planning and perform in the competitive environment, ultimately achieving unity of effort and effectively protecting national interests. An increased understanding of the FIL IOPs will allow the U.S. military to update doctrine, synchronize the IOPs, become more globally integrated, and perform in the competitive environment, ultimately achieving unity of effort and effectively protecting national interests. Train and Plan with DIME-FIL for Near-Peer Threats. In particular, potential adversaries such as China and Russia, have developed new techniques such as

NYc7FrW~7XgjSM6e"2$vj?2t=L6aZfe+)yh0aa A#ZWleBd(zo7eJXXSWNL$w%3u h3P@$_;c6:(!& _aAa] D@~%%mr O cr~dmpAUQn3}8p~f(qO;Vw_=CjjjFwp]~"? The U.S. Congress should specifically highlight Chinese economic coercion through hearings and investigations. V endstream endobj 628 0 obj <>stream Webconventional military forces, potential adversaries have developed strategies to use the information domain to project soft power to counter. Therefore, U.S. military leadership should consider adding the FIL IOPs to the DIME construct and incorporating it into joint doctrine to improve interorganizational planning for an international and intergovernmental approach in the new environment of Great Power competition. Its growing set of tools looks quite different from the wide array of U.S. tools. xko8{}"JD ,CGu~"mInu$r8CMbm6zbg6rf~?~~l>fMYGoN7'g,R 2")#Q" *d=I%GdCSJzhze12EY#uEg N`e0J2Orxy|2"?T8\&LRc| Second, a comparison of the US DIME (Diplomacy, Information, Military, and Economic) model will show that the US remains the dominant global power, but that China is investing in Generally, most non-European countries see the United States as the worlds leading economic power, while those in Europe tend to name China. Opinions in Russia and Ukraine are divided. 9 The relationship with the state or organization could be adversarial, neutral, or friendly. China, too, I would argue uses hard instruments of power, particularly economic power, for soft power purposes. This sense is highest among Israelis, 96% of whom say American-Israeli economic ties are positive. Indians and Filipinos are about 10 percentage points more likely to see American influence on their economies, while those in Australia are 18 points more likely to see Chinas muscle. Its bureaucracy is robust and its political elites have a conscious plan to expand national power, a vision encapsulated in Xi Jinpings China dream. But the nations capacity to convert these resources into tangible forms of usable civilian and military power is hindered by a contradiction in terms between the essence of power in the 21st centuryinspirational, technologically advanced, outward-looking, and innovatingand the intrinsic nature of the regime currently governing China. Peter Harrell, Elizabeth Rosenberg and Edoardo Saravalle. 6 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 3100.01D, Joint Strategic Planning System (Washington, DC: The Joint Staff, July 20, 2018), A-1, available at ; Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Militarys Edge (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2018), 4, available at . In 2017, the United States targeted North Koreas ability to generate funds by potentially suspending U.S. correspondent account access to any foreign bank that knowingly conducts or facilitates significant transactions tied to trade with North Korea or certain designated persons.14 In 2018, the restoration of sanctions on Iran targeted financial institutions, companies, and individuals tied to Irans shipping, financial, and energy sectors, resulting in 700 additional companies and individuals on the sanction rolls, causing concern from the Iranian public and flaming potential unrest toward the regime.15. The Strategic Asia annual edited volume incorporates assessments of economic, political, and military trends and focuses on the strategies that drive policy in the region. Still, publics are relatively divided, as no more than half name either country as the top economy in most countries. Strategic Asia Program Strategic Asia Though economic coercion is one of many facets of Chinese economic statecraft, U.S. policymakers must better understand it. stream Economic coercion will be part of this. Argentines are the only public of the three Latin American countries surveyed that chooses ties with China over ties with the U.S., though by only a 2-point margin. 13 Leah McGrath Goodman and Lynnley Browning, The Art of Financial Warfare: How the West Is Pushing Putins Buttons, Newsweek, April 24, 2014, available at . Washington relies on formal, published sanctions, trade controls, or investment restrictions. Those who say China is the worlds leading economic power are more likely to prefer strong economic ties with China, and vice versa. 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All of the cases studied where China acted alone involve China using economic coercion against democratic countries, and Beijing generally targets politically influential constituencies capable of pushing for policy change, regardless of whether or not the targeted constituency has any involvement in the policy to which China objects. The leadership is aware of the problems but is not necessarily responding with the right remedies. Center for a New American Security (en-US), Constructing Regional Partnerships and Seizing Emerging Opportunities, General Mike Holmes, U.S. Air Force (Ret. In this sense, power and policy are intertwined. When comparing the two superpowers, by a slim margin, more people in the Asia-Pacific region say China plays a large role in their countrys economic conditions (six-country median of 78%) than say the same of the U.S. (74%). For example, in early 2018 U.S. airlines began to experience retaliation for listing Taiwan as a separate country. 14 Ankit Panda, Trump Administration Introduces New Executive Order on North Korea Sanctions, The Diplomat, September 22, 2017, available at . Only in Europe do more countries name China as the worlds leading economy. 3 0 obj This approach could act as a deterrent by raising costs for Chinas conduct. Commanders should also incorporate legal expertise from State or Justice into planning. WebNATOs deterrence and defence posture is based on, among other factors, an effective combination of cutting-edge weapons systems and platforms, and forces trained to work together seamlessly. View All Articles & Multimedia. YM0p@je+|>rCBXBI8#P4/my}J&enhu-t.s 7fyH&U%-ESE1Iz"#YZe[` Y*d8_l"{T/! 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But, in Indonesia, Chinas influence is seen more positively by a very thin margin. Shows of force or military adventurism are thus possible consequences of Chinas slowing growth. . WebNATOs deterrence and defence posture is based on, among other factors, an effective combination of cutting-edge weapons systems and platforms, and forces trained to work together seamlessly. Law Enforcement. WebThe military instrument of national power can be used in a wide variety of ways that vary in purpose, scale, risk, and combat intensity.