Descendants of Portuguese Sephardi Jews are found in Israel, the Netherlands, the United States, France, Venezuela, Brazil[191] and Turkey. prostitutes or women with mental maladies such as Down Syndrome) if necessary. rfs do Rei literally translates to "Orphans of the King", and they were Portuguese female orphans in nubile age.

However, it was the prose of Jos Saramago (1922-2013), which won a Nobel Prize in 1998.Photo: Biblioteca do Convento de Mafra Antnio SacchettiFestivities and Festivals, In summer, especially, Portugal comes alive with traditional festivities such as those in Viana do Castelo, Tomar, Campo Maior or the Flower Festival in Funchal, Madeira. The Portuguese migration was strongly marked by the predominance of men (colonial reports from the 16th and 17th centuries almost always report the absence or rarity of Portuguese women). Related Article: 10 Celtic People Physical Characteristics And Traits 5. There is a Chinese minority of Macau Cantonese origin and mainland Chinese. In fact, in colonial Brazil the Portuguese men competed for the women, because among the African slaves the female component was also a small minority. 1. Azoreans come from a variety of backgrounds including Portugal and Flanders. WebMore than two million Portuguese people (20% of the population) now live outside the country. The Basques have a unique culture, language and many traditions that differ greatly from their Spanish and French neighbours. Female immigrants rarely married Brazilian men. WebPopulation: 10 million people live in Portugal (2021) Capital: Lisbon, with 2.9 million inhabitants. 1 What are the physical characteristics of Portugal? Although, Blond hair and Blue eyes also occur in a reasonable frequency, ranging from 18% to 20% of the populace. 28 Yuliya Ko Author has 4K answers and 10.8M answer views 1 y It is a very subjective question but i would rate them the following way. Prominent modern linguists such as Ellis Evans believe that Gallaecian-Lusitanian was one language (not separate languages) of the "p" Celtic variant.[149][150]. Within Europe, substantial concentrations of Portuguese may be found in Francophone countries like France, Luxembourg and Switzerland, spurred in part by their linguistic proximity with the French language. Due to the large historical extent from the 16th century of the Portuguese Empire and the subsequent colonization of territories in Asia, Africa and the Americas, as well as historical and recent emigration, Portuguese communities can be found in many diverse regions around the globe, and a significant Portuguese diaspora exists. [363] This explains why the Portuguese men left more descendants in Brazil than the Amerindian or African men did. Bi lm However, even among the more recent influx of Portuguese immigrants at the turn of the 20th century, there were 319 men to each 100 women among them. Despite the small female proportion, Portuguese men married mainly Portuguese women. In Portugal, a woman who wears a lot of makeup is definitely a tourist. After this, Lusitania's northern border was along the Douro river, while its eastern border passed through Salmantica and Caesarobriga to the Anas (Guadiana) river. There, people are Of Muslim origin, the production of tiles in Portugal began in the late 15th century but reached its peak in the 18th century, with blue and white tiles. What is the Written authorization form policyholder for their insurance company to pay benefits directly to the care provider? 1. Numa breve cronologia: 1526 Alvar de Joo III, de 13 de Maro de 1526, proibiu que os ciganos entrassem no reino, e ordenou que sassem os que c estavam; 1538 Nova lei de 26 de Novembro desse ano, ordenando a sua expulso; 1592 Lei de 28 de Agosto agravou as penas contra os ciganos que dentro de 4 meses no sassem de Portugal; sfn error: no target: CITEREFMallory1999 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAnthony2007 (. E "o Islo est na alma de Portugal", "Por que judeus esto voltando a Portugal sculos aps antepassados serem expulsos e massacrados", "Populao estrangeira com permanncia regular em% da populao residente: total e por sexo", "Imigrantes so 4% da populao. Well, this is a yes for me. The second component includes the scores of health self-evaluation, emotional status and physical activity. The discovery of several lands unknown to Europeans in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (southwest Pacific Ocean), forged the Portuguese Empire described as the first global maritime and commercial empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers in the 15th and 16th centuries. [197] The North Atlantic archipelago of Bermuda (3.75%[198] to 10%[199] of the population) has had sustained immigration from the Azores especially, as well as from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands since the 1840s.[200]. However, Manueline style buildings and decorative features can be found throughout the country in churches, palaces, pillories and even in civil architecture.Photo: Mosteiro da Batalha, Batalha Rui CunhaBaroque, Baroque is synonymous with the splendour and ostentation which were especially a feature the reign of D. Joo V (1707-1750), when gold and precious stones were being imported from Brazil and port wine exports began. Some of their population, mainly Berbers and Jews converted to Christianity and became New Christians (Cristos novos), still identifiable by their new surnames. With more than 1,5 million citizens[207] and up to 2 million people of Portuguese descent[208], France hosts, by far, the largest community of Portuguese people outside of Portugal, second only to Brazil. WebThe culture of Portugal is a very rich result of a complex flow of many different civilizations during the past millennia. var D=new Date(),d=document,b='body',ce='createElement',ac='appendChild',st='style',ds='display',n='none',gi='getElementById',lp=d.location.protocol,wp=lp.indexOf('http')==0?lp:'https:'; Once continental Europes greatest power, Portugal shares commonalitiesgeographic and culturalwith the countries of both northern Europe and the Mediterranean. Other minor influences include small Viking settlements between the 9th and 11th centuries, made by Norsemen who raided coastal areas mainly in the northern regions of Douro and Minho. How tall is the average person in Portugal? Our poetry began at the same time as the nation, with lyric poetry, but reached a high point during the Renaissance, when Lus de Cames (1524-1580) published his "Lusadas", relating the feats of the Portuguese Discoveries. It was estimated that around 5 million Brazilians (2.5% of the population) can acquire Portuguese citizenship, due to the last Portuguese nationality law that grants citizenship to grandchildren of Portuguese nationals.[372]. There is the preposition at, but we need to explain the difference very well so students can learn how to use it properly. The Portuguese are a Southwestern European population, with origins predominantly from Southern and Western Europe. What are the names of God in various Kenyan tribes? There is no better way to truly experience fado, the emotion in the singers' voices and the sounds of the Portuguese guitar, than in the candlelit setting of a "casa de fados" or fado house. Three years later (147 B.C. small. [119], Starting in the 3rd millennium BC, during the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations into Iberia by speakers of Indo-European languages occurred. Although Portuguese Podengos differentiate in size and weight, they all more or less share the same physical traits. Author has 926 2. In Portugal it reckons generally 65% in the South summing 87% northwards, and in some regions 96%. The Ethnic Portuguese populace is relatively Homogeneous, from North to South and Islands. First, people with more Nordic facial features are likely to have shades of blue, green, and hazel eyes. Spanish, or Castellano, is just one of Spains many languages. Portuguese women dress casually and they prefer solid colors: grey, beige, white, and sometimes black. Such noses are narrow and straight. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); (function(){ It is actually a colony consisting of four types of polyps: a pneumatophore, or float; dactylozooids, or tentacles; gastrozooids, or feeding zooids; and gonozooids which produce gametes for reproduction. Why fibrous material has only one falling period in drying curve? Current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that modern-day Portuguese trace a proportion of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples who began settling the European continent between the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago. However, examples such as churches decorated with gilt carvings and tiles can be found throughout the country. They are a White populace, with pale to tanned skin, camouflageunder the consistent sun exposure. [363] After independence from Portugal in 1822, around 1.7 million Portuguese immigrants settled in Brazil. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? 213238", https://www.inclusion.gob.es/documents/2178369/2280852/Nota_Extranjeros_con_certificado.pdf/23bc1fab-4460-dc4e-1fe6-7b53369b8ce7?t=1676918157289, "Observatrio da Emigrao: Portugueses em Macau", "Observatrio da Emigrao: Portugueses no Luxemburgo", "Observatrio da Emigrao: Portugueses na ndia", "Observatrio da Emigrao: Portugueses na Blgica", "H portugueses que admitem "renunciar nacionalidade" devido burocracia nos consulados belgas", "Los portugueses del Buenos Aires tardocolonial:Inmigracin, sociedad,familia, vida cotidiana y religin", "Minhotos na Argentina celebram Portugal", "10 de Junho: Instituies na Argentina celebram em conjunto pela 1. vez", "Povo Burgher Quem so? [117] Within the R1b haplogroup there are modal haplotypes. Do you have any others to share? WebNegroids [generally] differ from Caucasoids flattish nose, flat root of the nose, narrower ears, narrower joints, frontal skull eminences, later closure of premaxillary sutures, less hairy, longer eyelashes, [and] cruciform pattern of second and third molars." Therefore, there is an interesting pattern of genetic continuity existing along the Cantabria coast and Portugal, a pattern that has been observed previously when minor sub-clades of the mtDNA phylogeny were examined.

Claims of Portuguese ancestry likely were a ruse they used in order to remain free and retain other privileges that came with being considered white, according to the studys authors. [358][360], The Crown also shipped over many rfs do Rei of what was considered "good birth" to colonial Brazil to marry Portuguese settlers of high rank. Outra vez", "Nova Deli por quem l vive: Jorge Roza de Oliveira", "Ns unimos, no dividimos, ns criamos a paz, no a guerra", "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables", "Os passos tmidos da lngua portuguesa no Canad - Renascena", "Governo dos Aores considera urgente reconhecimento em Portugal das cartas de conduo emitidas nas Bermudas", "Portuguese Heritage in Bermuda A Portuguese Affair", "Quase metade dos habitantes de uma ilha paradisaca so portugueses", "PR/Mxico: Marcelo salienta crescimento das relaes econmicas e da comunidade portuguesa", "2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report Trinidad and Tobago", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines census", "Notcias do Brasil | Noticias do Brasil, Portugal e pases de lngua portuguesa e comunidades portuguesas", "Froiln Ramos Rodrguez: Un estudio sobre la inmigracin portuguesa a Venezuela", "origenes de chile:elementos etnicos, apellidos, familas", "Buenos Aires celebra Portugal (fotogaleria)", "Quando os portugueses na Argentina falam de Portugal sua aldeia que se referem", "MINHOTOS NA ARGENTINA CELEBRAM PORTUGAL", "A emigrao 'invisvel' dos portugueses na regio platina", "Portuguese: Small in numbers but big in business", "Portugus Lngua de Herana: Um estudo da tentativa da manuteno de uma lngua praticamente extinta, em Trinidad e Tobago", "Colmbia atrai portugueses interessados em negcios e uma opo Venezuela", Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "Isabel II: Portugueses no Reino Unido mais preocupados com economia do que com realeza", "Estadstica de extranjeros residentes en Espaa", "Convidado - Rede de portugueses na Polnia j conseguiu enviar 30 ucranianos para Portugal", "Mianmar. [104][105][106][107] The Umayyad conquest of Iberia also left Moorish, Jewish and Saqaliba genetic contributions in the country.[108][109][99][100]. In the early twentieth century the Portuguese government encouraged white emigration to Angola and Mozambique, and by the 1970s, there were up to 1 million Portuguese settlers living in their overseas African provinces. The state of Amazonas has the largest area and the most populous is Sao Paulo. Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, the small country offers a diverse climate and culture in spite of its size. Portuguese people are quite outgoing and talkative. [187] Significant verified Portuguese minorities exist in several countries (see table). [127], Given the origins from Paleolithic and Neolithic settlers, as well as Bronze Age and Iron Age Indo-European migrations, one can say that the Portuguese ethnic origin is mainly a mixture of pre-Celts or para-Celts, such as the Lusitanians[128] of Lusitania, and Celtic peoples such as Gallaeci of Gallaecia, the Celtici[129] and the Cynetes[130] of Alentejo and the Algarve. Its a stereotype, quite opposite to the many physical features that appear in Spains different regions. Ok, I do like to think that I have some curves. 1 Caldo Verde Iconic Traditional Portuguese Dish. I should start by saying that there is no typical way that a person who lives on the Iberian Peninsula looks. Como surgiram? The latter is also common in Irish, southern English, and western French populations. The males about 1,60 1,70 meters and females 1,50 1,60 meters, respectively. Portugal's cultural heritage as well as the friendly, welcoming nature of the Portuguese themselves have been marked by African, American and Asian influences and also by the peoples who lived here before the country was founded. 22% of French people have blue eyes, with the rest having either brown or a blend of colors. Some modern scholars like Daithi O Hogain consider them to be indigenous[151] and initially dominated by the Celts, before gaining full independence from them. Monks and nuns created some of Portugals tastiest traditional treats You can eat a nuns belly ( barrigas de freira ), an angels double chin ( papos de anjo ), and fat from heaven ( toucinho do cu) in Portugal; these are all delicious pastries. The Lusitanian cities, in a manner similar to those of the rest of the Roman-Iberian peninsula, eventually gained the status of "Citizens of Rome".

A terra em que houve reis portugueses", "Casas incendiadas, terror e morte em Myanmar: Luso-descendentes catlicos Bayingyi no alvo dos militares", "The Malaccan Portuguese Creole: Papia Kristang", "Hong Kong - "Club Lusitano a casa de todos os portugueses", "Portugal apela a estudantes portugueses em Hong Kong que enviem dados pessoais para receberem apoio", "Kristang, lost language of the Eurasians | Unravel Magazine", " | ", "Luso-Asians and Macanese in Siam Far East Currents", "Portuguese Culture - Population Statistics", "Cultural diversity: Census, 2021 | Australian Bureau of Statistics", "Portugueses na Austrlia e Nova Zelndia mais prximos de Portugal", "Autoridades australianas querem conhecer-nos mais e investir aqui", "Portugueses no Zimbabu esto bem, diz ministro", "Presena portuguesa na Etipia sem registo de quaisquer mulheres", "Empresrio portugus desaparecido desde domingo na Suazilndia", "Ao stimo pas vive com 13 horas de luz todos os dias", "Presena portuguesa: de colonizadores a imigrantes", History of Immigration to the United States#Population in 1790, "Desmundo de Alain Fresnot, o Brasil no sculo XVI", "A Integrao social e econmica dos emigrantes portugueses no Brasil", http://ich.unito.com.br/materia/resource/download/41917, "A integrao social e econmica dos imigrantes portugueses no Brasil nos finais do sculo xix e no sculo xx", "Evoluo da populao brasileira segundo a cor", "Revisiting the genetic ancestry of Brazilians using autosomal AIM-Indels", "Genomic ancestry and ethnoracial self-classification based on 5,871 community-dwelling Brazilians (The Epigen Initiative)", "Cinco milhes de netos de emigrantes podem tornar-se portugueses", Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 BC), Portugal (Emigration) from CIA Country Studies Series, United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_people&oldid=1147757309, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Articles with dead external links from March 2022, CS1 European Portuguese-language sources (pt-pt), Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt), Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 10,800,000 Portuguese nationals and descendants down to the third generation (excludes many of more distant ancestry), of which an estimated 5,400,000 children and grandchildren of Portuguese nationals (eligible for Portuguese citizenship), 5% (2.5% children and grandchildren, eligible for Portuguese citizenship), Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (, This page was last edited on 2 April 2023, at 00:17. How can I make a baby shower invitation for free? catch(e){var iw=d;var c=d[gi]("M331907ScriptRootC264917");}var dv=iw[ce]('div');dv.id="MG_ID";dv[st][ds]=n;dv.innerHTML=264917;c[ac](dv); squinty. Lets start with the physical ones: Physical Characteristics in Portuguese [one_half]Alto(a) Baixo(a) Gordo(a) Magro(a) Forte Fraco(a) Bonito(a) Feio(a) Grande Pequeno(a) Jovem Idoso(a) Cabelo longo Cabelo curto Cabelo liso Cabelo ondulado The northwestsoutheast cultural shift also shows in genetic differences: based on Salas et al. Obviously, there are many ways we can describe someone in Portuguese. Even with Portuguese heritage, many Portuguese-Brazilians identify themselves as being simply Brazilians, since Portuguese culture was a dominant cultural influence in the formation of Brazil (like many British Americans in the United States, who will never describe themselves as of British extraction, but only as "Americans", since British culture was a dominant cultural influence in the formation of The United States). [201] An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution, while others moved to South Africa, Botswana and Algeria. from the extensive maritime empire of Carthage during the series of Punic Wars. A great number of Slavs, especially Ukrainians (now the third biggest ethnic minority[174]) and Russians, as well as Moldovans and Romanians, keep migrating to Portugal. Red hair is also seen in occasion, with about 5% of the population being redheads. phenotype pinnwand Most Portuguese girls have a Mediterranean look. So too do the Schist Villages and the many walled villages and towns, of which bidos, Marvo and Monsaraz are just a few examples. This haplotype reaches the highest frequencies in the Iberian Peninsula and in the British Isles. Its cold, rocky northern coast and mountainous interior are sparsely settled, scenic, and wild, while the countrys south, the Algarve, is warm and fertile. portuguese portugal phenotype madeira insular Luso-Asian communities also exist in Malaysia (see Kristang people), Singapore (see Eurasian Singaporeans), Indonesia,[212] Sri Lanka (see Burgher people and Portuguese Burghers), Myanmar (see Bayingyi people)[213][214] Thailand (see Kudi Chin), and Japan.

They defended themselves bravely for years, causing the Roman invaders serious defeats. WebThey tend to have beautiful eyes with long curl lashes, hazel eyes, slim body and feminine slim face, curly chestnut brown hair, auburn or black hair etc. var D=new Date(),d=document,b='body',ce='createElement',ac='appendChild',st='style',ds='display',n='none',gi='getElementById',lp=d.location.protocol,wp=lp.indexOf('http')==0?lp:'https:'; This is considerably higher than the estimated 170,000 Portuguese-born people residing in the country in 2021[210] (this figure does not include British-born people of Portuguese descent). )": Book Reviews: Alejandro G. Sinner, Javier Velaza (eds.). avant pitbull bloodline; garrapata state park wedding permit; priere magique d'amour; tyler stanaland illness. What are the physical characteristics of Portuguese people? Scandinavian 4. Portuguese influences are found throughout Asia, especially in Macau (see Macanese people), Timor-Leste and India (see Luso-Indian), all territories where the Portuguese maintained colonies up to the XX century. Difference between hasta and hacia. You can also check out my long list of facial expressions. Population of Portugal 1768-2020. Which candy shares its name with a south American mountain range? 2. It has been a member of the European Union [4][8][9]. [125] 5 Francesinha Sandwich The Famous Portuguese Food from Porto. In the United States, there are Portuguese communities in New Jersey, the New England states, and California. WebPortugal is not a large country, but it offers a great diversity of physical geography, ranging from low-lying coasts and plains to the Estrela Mountains, which rise to nearly 6,500 feet (2,000 metres). The archaeologist Scarlat Lambrino proposed that they were originally a tribal Celtic[152] group, related to the Lusones. Travels the world for fun! What are the physical characteristics of Portugal? Leave a comment below as wed love to hear from you, *The password recovery instructions will be sent to your e-mail. Migrations from what is now northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic link modern Iberians to the populations of much of Western Europe, and particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe. These two processes defined Iberia's, and Portugal's, cultural landscapeContinental in the northwest and Mediterranean towards the southeast, as historian Jos Mattoso describes it. This lack of women worried the Jesuits, who asked the Portuguese King to send any kind of Portuguese women to Brazil, even the socially undesirable (e.g. A person from Portugal and/or a citizen of Portugal is called Portuguese. For a specific analysis of the population of Portugal, see, Explorer Joo lvares Fagundes commemorative monument surrounded by, (includes Portuguese nationals and their descendants down to the third generation; excludes more distant ancestry), The Americas outside of Brazil and the Pacific, Portuguese Diaspora in the rest of the world, List of countries by population of Portuguese heritage, Portuguese ancestry in the Brazilian population, Portuguese ethnicity is more clear-cut than Spanish ethnicity, but here also, the case is complicated by the Portuguese ancestry of populations in the former. Other than the best-known and most-visited, it is worth mentioning the rural expression of the religious buildings known as "Imprios" and which are connected to the Divine Spirit festivities in the Azores and to the Senhor Santo Cristo dos Milagres festivities on the island of So Miguel.Few sacred sites from Moorish times have survived to the present day but the town-museum of Mrtola, in the Alentejo, is an exception that is worth visiting. Indians, Nepalese, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis are also relevant in numbers. [101][102][103] The pastoral Caucasus' Alans left small traces in a few central-southern areas. WebThe results of the present HLA study in Portuguese populations show that they have features in common with Basques and some Spaniards from Madrid: a high frequency of the HLA- haplotypes A29-B44-DR7 (ancient western Europeans) and A1-B8-DR3 are found as common characteristics. 1. How many square feet does 1 bundle of shingles cover? Portuguese fishermen, farmers and laborers dispersed across the Caribbean, especially Guyana (4.3% of the population in 1891),[195] Trinidad,[196] St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and the island of Barbados where there is high influence from the Portuguese community. The Fado Museum, in Lisbon, is also a good place to familiarise yourself with this very characteristic Portuguese music genre.Photo: Fado, Coimbra Paulo MagalhesLiterature, Portugal is known as a land of poets. Portugal, officially Portuguese Republic, Portuguese Repblica Portuguesa, country lying along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. The study quotes from an 1874 court case in Tennessee in which a Melungeon womans inheritance was challenged. One of the best-characterized of these haplotypes is the Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH). Springfield, Illinois once possessed the largest Portuguese community in the Midwest. Some are tall, some a medium height, some are short, some women are slim, medium size or chubby. [148], The Lusitanians (or Lusitnus/Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European speaking people living in the Western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman province of Lusitania (modern Portugal, Extremadura and a small part of Salamanca).

Do you have any question? Shorter Stature Canada, particularly Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, has developed a significant Portuguese community since 1940 (see Portuguese Canadians). If there isnt food on your plate because you already finished it, go back for seconds or thirds.

Like those in the Algarve, with a roof terrace.There are many contemporary architects who have taken Portugal's name to the highest heights, including two Pritzker prize winners: lvaro Siza Vieira, who won the award in 1992 and the 2011 winner, Eduardo Souto de Moura.Photo: Monsaraz Turismo do AlentejoSacred Sites, All across mainland Portugal and the islands, there are many sacred sites worth visiting, but the high point among them all is Ftima, with the worship of Our Lady. What are the characteristics of Portugal? So, I guess I have to say that is a NO. Ivo Xavier Fernndes. [361] There were noble and non-noble maidens and they were daughters of military compatriots who died in battle for the king or noblemen who died overseas and whose upbringing was paid by the Crown. For all the words about describing facial features, Im focusing more on physical descriptions rather than emotional expressions, though theres a little crossover! Particularly worthy of note in the north, is the work of the Italian artist and architect Niccol Nasoni, who designed the Clrigos Tower and Church in Porto and Mateus Palace in Vila Real. How do you telepathically connet with the astral plain? There are Portuguese influenced people with their own culture and Portuguese based dialects in parts of the world other than former Portuguese colonies, notably in Barbados, Jamaica, Aruba, Curaao, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago (see Portuguese immigrants in Trinidad and Tobago) , Guyana (see Portuguese immigrants in Guyana) or Suriname (see Portuguese immigrants in Suriname). The frequency of haplogroup H shows a decreasing trend from the Atlantic faade toward the Mediterranean regions. You have shorter and taller people, just like anywhere else. There is no other country where you will see them used to such an extent to adorn the interiors and exteriors of houses, churches, palaces and other buildings. (V chng A Ph T Hoi) German 6.