In 1998, the EIJ faced two major setbacks which significantly undermined its capacity. In April 2009, Kourani became a naturalized citizen and was issued a U.S. passport. In July 2012, an IJO operative detonated explosives on a bus transporting Israeli tourists in the vicinity of an airport in Burgas, Bulgaria, which killed six people and injured 32 others. Understanding Terror Networks. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. Al-Arian has denied (CNN) having links to terrorism. Supports our efforts to curb terrorism financing and to encourage other nations to do the same. As a result of this reliance, the EIJ was forced to shift its focus from overthrowing the Egyptian government towards AQs global vision of Jihad. Car bomb attack on French Embassy in Beirut killing 12 and wounding 27. [1] Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Intelligence Resource Program, Date unknown. Although initially the EIJ sought to overthrow the Egyptian government and establish an Islamic state in its stead, as the EIJ grew more intertwined with Al Qaeda, it reoriented to focus on global Jihad against the West. [9] While in Afghanistan, EIJ members actively fought alongside Mujahedeen against the Soviet Union in the Soviet-Afghan War, which served to hone the groups fighting skills and develop its strategic planning capabilities. The PIJ is a rival militant group, often vying for the support of the same Palestinians. The PIJ, despite being a Sunni group, took inspiration from revolutionary, theocratic Shia ideals espoused during the 1979 Iranian Revolution that established an Islamic regime. After splitting from the Muslim Brotherhood in the late 1970s, Shaqaqi and Awda operated the PIJ from Egypt until 1981, when the Egyptian government exiled the group to Gaza following the assassination of President Anwar Sadat.

[4] This, however, changed with the groups growing association to Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda in the 1990s. Possibly formed in early 1983 and reportedly led by Imad Mughniyah, a former Lebanese Shiite member of Palestinian Fatahs Force 17, the IJO was not a militia but rather a typical underground urban guerrilla organization. [20] Finally, in 1995, the EIJ publicly executed the two teenage sons of two of its leaders. whose name was "used by those involved to disguise their true identity. Hizballah was founded in the 1980s with support from Iran after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, and its mission includes establishing a fundamentalist Islamic state in Lebanon. Web. "[26], Hala Jaber calls it a name "deliberately contrived by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards and their recruits to cast confusion. 2656f(d)(2)), The organization must engage in terrorist activity, as defined in. 20 August 2015. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [7] Gebara, Khalil.

[11] Gebara, Khalil. [5] After Sadats assassination, a large number of EIJ and GI/GAI members were arrested and jailed.

Web. Upon his return from Panama, el Debeks IJO handlers asked him for photographs of the U.S. Embassy there and details about its security procedures. [22] Gebara, Khalil. The IMU has become increasingly active in the Taliban-led insurgency in northern Afghanistan, providing the IMU with a springboard for future operations in Central Asia. [25] According to Baer it is "a very distinct organization, which was separate from Hezbollah because you had the [Hezbollah] consultative council which only had a vague idea of what the hostage-takers were doing. Thanks to the outstanding work of the FBI and NYPD, the allegedly destructive designs of these two Hizballah operatives have been thwarted, and they will now face justice in a Manhattan federal court., Assistant Director in Charge Sweeney Jr. said: The charges announced today reveal once again that the New York City region remains a focus of many adversaries, demonstrated as alleged in this instance by followers of a sophisticated and determined organization with a long history of coordinating violent activities on behalf of Hizballah. Additionally, the decaying state of Sudanese economy compelled it to seek foreign financial aid; however, many countries were reluctant to aid the Sudanese government while it directly supported an international terrorist organization. New York, NY: Vintage Books. 20 August 2015. However, EIJ was largely overshadowed by al-Jamah al-Islmiyyah, which waged a far-bloodier campaign inside Egypt, killing numerous officials, civilians, and foreign tourists.

20 August 2015. Any U.S. financial institution that becomes aware that it has possession of or control over funds in which a designated FTO or its agent has an interest must retain possession of or control over the funds and report the funds to the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury. What is known is that Zawahiri traveled extensively throughout both the Arab World and the West on fundraising trips for the group. [6] Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ). START: Terrorist Organization Profiles, Date unknown. The Bureau of Counterterrorism in the State Department (CT) continually monitors the activities of terrorist groups active around the world to identify potential targets for designation. Sharifs writings drew a lengthy rebuttal from Zawahiri. [25] Gebara, Khalil. CISAC is a research center at theFreeman Spogli Institute for International Studies.

The Islamic calendar is based on the movement and observation of the moon. Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Council of Foreign Relations, 30 May 2008. In 1997, the U.S. Department of State designated Hizballah a Foreign Terrorist Organization, pursuant to Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, and it remains so designated today. [2] By the early 1990s, the EIJ had come to rely heavily on funding from Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda. (no casualties)[2]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.

In addition, the Secretary of State may at any time revoke a designation upon a finding that the circumstances forming the basis for the designation have changed in such a manner as to warrant revocation, or that the national security of the United States warrants a revocation. Assistant U.S. [50][39][51], This organization is no longer active. [2] Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ). START: Terrorist Organization Profiles, Date unknown.

2006. pg. Web. When reviewing potential targets, CT looks not only at the actual terrorist attacks that a group has carried out, but also at whether the group has engaged in planning and preparations for possible future acts of terrorism or retains the capability and intent to carry out such acts. Holly Fletcher. Both the. 26 Aug. 2014; Wright, Lawrence. Rather than significantly weakening al-Qaeda, however, these realities prompted a structural evolution and the growth of franchising. Increasingly, attacks were orchestrated not only from above by the centralized leadership (after the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, based in the Afghan-Pakistani border regions) but also by the localized, relatively autonomous cells it encouraged. In the 1980s many members of EIJ left Egypt to participate in the Afghan guerrilla war against the occupation that followed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. March 31, 2023 Yes. The maximum potential sentences in this case are prescribed by Congress and are provided here for informational purposes only, as any sentencing of the defendants will be determined by a judge. A designation may be revoked by an Act of Congress, or set aside by a Court order. [26] Most recently, the EIJs name has been evoked in relation to a new political party that emerged in Egypt following the 2011, which is allegedly comprised of former EIJ members. Mr. Kim also thanked the FBIs Detroit Office and the Counterterrorism Section of the Department of Justices National Security Division. Web. "Spanish bomb blast blamed on Jihad / Madrid restaurant explosion blamed on Muslim group.". He was arrested in 2003 for his involvement, which was separate from the EIJ, in the 1993 World Trade Center Bombings and remains in jail in the U.S.[1], Muhammad 'Abd al-Salam Farraj (1979-April 15, 1982): Farraj was a member of the Muslim Brotherhood who formed the EIJ after splitting from the Brotherhood in response to its pledge of nonviolence in 1979. [1] Sageman, Marc. WebRegardless of how and when the current round of fighting ends, its clear that the Iranian-backed Islamic Jihad organization has managed to reassert its status as the second

The Looming Tower. He was arrested following the Egyptian governments capture Ahmad Salama Mabruk, on whose computer the government found a list of all EIJ members and their addresses. If the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, decides to make the designation, Congress is notified of the Secretarys intent to designate the organization and given seven days to review the designation, as the INA requires. [3] Wright, Lawrence. Since Hizballahs formation, the organization has been responsible for numerous terrorist attacks that have killed hundreds, including U.S. citizens and military personnel. During that period, fractures within EIJ worsened, and the groups Upper Egyptian wing broke away to form an independent organization, al-Jamah al-Islmiyyah (the Islamic Group), under the leadership of Omar Abdel Rahman.

With this organizational shift, al-Qaeda was linkedwhether directly or indirectlyto more attacks in the six years following September 11 than it had been in the six years prior, including attacks in Jordan, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Israel, Algeria, and elsewhere. New York, NY: Vintage Books. [2] Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Intelligence Resource Program, Date unknown.

The PIJ often carries out suicide bombings that target civilians and military personnel, although the frequency of attacks inside Israeli territory has decreased since the construction of security barriers around Gaza.

al-Qaeda, Arabic al-Qidah (the Base), broad-based militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in the late 1980s. Under Sharifs leadership, the group grew more extreme, and began emphasizing the concept of takfir, the belief that all those who are not Sunni Muslims are infidels.

1 Oct. 2015; Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Encyclopedia of the Middle East, 2007. [4] They demanded the departure of all Americans from Lebanon and took responsibility for a number of kidnappings, assassinations, and bombings of embassies and peacekeeping troops which killed several hundred people. Although Zumar succeeded Farraj as the leader of the EIJ, Sharif and Zawahiri acquired a large following within the group while in jail.

In 2001, 19 militants associated with al-Qaeda staged the September 11 attacks against the United States. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2005. [4] Not all of IJ's claims of responsibility were credible, as "in some cases, the callers seemed to be exploiting the activities of groups that had no apparent ties to Islamic Jihad," while working with some success to create "an aura of a single omnipotent force in the region."[5].

WebEgyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), also called al-Jihad, Egyptian extremist organization that originated in the late 1970s and developed into a powerful force in the 1980s and 1990s. The EIJs most common mode of attack was high-level political assassinations. The End of Egyptian Islamic Jihad? The Jamestown Foundation, Terrorism Monitor 3(3), 9 February 2005. Upon the expiration of the seven-day waiting period and in the absence of Congressional action to block the designation, notice of the designation is published in the Federal Register, at which point the designation takes effect. 2006. Qadura Fares, the head of the organization, said at least 250 Islamic Jihad prisoners in multiple facilities would take part in the strike, and that 100 of them would begin refusing water after one week. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [6], Initially the group was described as "a mysterious group about which virtually nothing was known,"[7] one whose "only members" seemed to be the "anonymous callers" taking credit for the bombings, or one that simply didn't exist. 20 August 2015. Global AIDS Coordinator and Global Health Diplomacy, Office of the U.S. Special Presidential Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, U.S. Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority, Office of the U.S. Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Council of Foreign Relations, 30 May 2008. Our announcement today also reveals, however, that the dozens of agencies working together with our FBI JTTFs nationwide are just as determined to disrupt the plans of those working to harm our communities. El Debek is charged with providing and attempting to provide material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization, which carries a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison; conspiracy to provide material support and resources to a designated foreign terrorist organization, which carries a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison; receiving military-type training from a designated foreign terrorist organization, which carries a sentence of 10 years in prison or a fine; conspiracy to receive military-type training from a designated foreign terrorist organization, which carries a maximum sentence of five years in prison; possessing, carrying, and using firearms and destructive devices during and in relation to crimes of violence, which carries a maximum sentence of life in prison; making and receiving a contribution of funds, goods, and services to and from Hizballah, in violation of IEEPA, which carries a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison; and conspiracy to make and receive a contribution of funds, goods, and services to and from Hizballah, in violation of IEEPA, which carries a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison.

Updates? Ali Kourani, 32, of the Bronx, New York, and Samer el Debek, 37, of Dearborn, Michigan, aka, Samer Eldebek, were arrested on Thursday, June 1, on charges related to their alleged activities on behalf of Hizballah, a designated foreign terrorist organization. The last recorded attack claimed by the IJO as an independent group took place outside the Middle East in March 1992, when the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, was blown up in retaliation for the death of Hezbollah's secretary-general Abbas al-Musawi. 20 August 2015; Statement of Reasons: Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ). Parliament of Australia, 27 March 2007.

Many EIJ members also fled to Albania, where many were arrested and extradited to Egypt in 1998.[3]. A known IMU spokesperson in a video message delivered to Radio Libertys Tajik service claimed responsibility for a September 2010 ambush against a military convoy in Tajikistan. [3] In addition to assassinations, the EIJ also carried out several high profile bombings, including of the bombing of the Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad in 1995 and the attempted bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Albania in 1998.[4]. Web. WebThe following logos are commonly associated with groups designated as foreign terrorist organizations (including their subsidiaries) by the Secretary of State under section 219 (a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) allied with the al-Qaeda network in the late 1990s, and the two groups merged in 2001. He was captured by the CIA in Azerbaijan in 1998 and extradited to Egypt, where he was later executed. Some reports indicate that they merged with Hezbollah afterwards, with their leader Imad Mughniyah appointed as head of that party's overseas security apparatus. The group originated in Egypt, but following a crackdown by the Egyptian government, many of the groups members emigrated first to Afghanistan, then to Sudan, and eventually back to Afghanistan. Web. The End of Egyptian Islamic Jihad? The Jamestown Foundation, Terrorism Monitor 3(3), 9 February 2005. Web. [25], Partially as a result of these setbacks, Zawahiri chose to merge the EIJ into Al Qaeda in 1998. [1] Statement of Reasons: Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ). Parliament of Australia, 27 March 2007. Web. The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), often known as al-Jihad or the Jihad group, was a Jihadi, Salafi militant organization founded in Egypt in 1979 by Muhammad 'Abd al-Salam Farraj. [2] Fletcher, Molly. 20 August 2015. Al-Shabaab remains capable of carrying out massive attacks in Somalia and nearby countries despite a long-running African Union offensive against the Islamist terrorist group. Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Council of Foreign Relations, 30 May 2008. Annual Lecture on China: Frayed RelationsThe United States and China, Virtual Event Understanding Terror Networks, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p.45. The Islamic Jihad Organization (IJO), which is also known as the External Security Organization and 910, is a highly compartmentalized component of Hizballah responsible for the planning, preparation, and execution of intelligence, counterintelligence, and terrorist activities on behalf of Hizballah outside of Lebanon. You are also agreeing to our. C.V. Starr & Co. The IMU in June 2014 joined Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan fighters in a deadly siege of Karachi International Airport that killed 37. "[14], A 2003 decision by an American court named Islamic Jihad as the name used by Hezbollah for its attacks in Lebanon, and parts of the Middle East, and Europe. Web. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2005. Web. Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The EIJ was a radical Salafi Islamist organization. Hamas, a U.S.-designated foreign terrorist organization with de facto control of Gaza, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and other extremist groups disseminated anti-Semitic materials and advocated violence through traditional and social media channels as well as during rallies and other events. 2006. pg.

After lawfully entering the U.S. in 2003, Kourani obtained a Bachelor of Science in biomedical engineering in 2009, and a Masters of Business Administration in 2013.

Web. 30 Sept. 2015. The organizations terrorist activity or terrorism must threaten the security of U.S. nationals or the national security (national defense, foreign relations, or the economic interests) of the United States. [3] Fletcher, Molly.

Later, this title was occasionally used to refer to the EIJ as a whole. Islam Jihad is one of several groups taking responsibility. WebTerrorist Organizations. [2] Fletcher, Molly. Web. [11], Ahmed Ismail Osman (unknown-1998): Osman was believed to be one of the leaders of the EIJs European cell. The IMU seeks to overthrow the government in Uzbekistan and establish a radical Islamist caliphate in all of Turkestan, which it considers to be the Central Asian region between the Caspian Sea and Xinjiang in western China.
[11] Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ). START: Terrorist Organization Profiles, Date unknown. Web. [15] Wright, Lawrence. Ties between EIJ and al-Qaeda continued to deepen. Web. 1 Oct. 2015; Musallam, Adnan.

Web. [1] Taher Helmi: Feats of Circumstance. Al Ahram Weekly, 23 March 2005. This organization is no longer active. [8] Al-Qaedas Remaining Leaders. BBC News, 16 June 2015. The exact timing of the EIJs move to Sudan and the precise motivation behind it are unclear. The EIJs early funding sources are largely unknown. Kourani allegedly conducted surveillance of potential targets in America, including military and law enforcement facilities in New York City. [7] Statement of Reasons: Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ). Parliament of Australia, 27 March 2007. [20] Fletcher, Molly. The founders of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Fathi Shaqaqi and Abd al-Aziz Awda, were students in Egypt and members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood until the late 1970s when they decided that the brotherhood was becoming too moderate and insufficiently committed to the Palestinian cause. EIJ and al-Qaeda announced a formal alliance in 1998, and the two groups merged fully in 2001. WebThe Palestinian Islamic Jihad is an Iranian-inspired Islamic militant group that aims to derail the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and eliminate Israel from the region. The End of Egyptian Islamic Jihad? The Jamestown Foundation, Terrorism Monitor 3(3), 9 February 2005. 26 Aug. 2014; Fletcher, Molly. We have retained, however, the spellings used on the Rewards for Justice and FBI terrorism sites; spellings there are designed for easy recognition or are used in legal documents and therefore do not always conform to these rules. Groups taking responsibility than significantly weakening al-Qaeda, however, these realities a! < br > < br > < br > the Looming Tower to curb Terrorism financing and to other! Realities prompted a structural evolution and the Counterterrorism Section of the EIJ into Al Qaeda in,... The two teenage sons of two of its leaders attacks that have killed hundreds, including military and enforcement. 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The group, now led by Abu Usman Gimrinskiy, also known as Magomed Suleymanov, regularly conducts attacks against Russian security forces in the North Caucasus. WebThe conflict may have dealt a severe blow to Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Gaza militant group, and strengthened the hand of Israels interim prime minister, Yair Lapid. The IJO also provided Kourani with additional training in tradecraft, weapons, and tactics. The user can change map settings to display different features (e.g., leadership changes), adjust the time scale, and trace individual groups. [7] Sageman, Marc. IRTPA provides that an FTO may file a petition for revocation 2 years after its designation date (or in the case of redesignated FTOs, its most recent redesignation date) or 2 years after the determination date on its most recent petition for revocation. Lebanese journalist Hala Jaber compared it to "a phony company which rents office space for a month and then vanishes," existing "only when it was committing an atrocity against its targets "[7], Adam Shatz of The Nation magazine has described Islamic Jihad as "a precursor to Hezbollah, which did not yet officially exist" at the time of the bombings Islamic Jihad took credit for. Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC), Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, 1990s: Core Strength of several hundred members (Intelligence Resource Program), United Nations Resolution 1267 Regime List: 1999 to Present, British Outlawed Foreign Groups: 2000 to Present, U.S. State Department Foreign Terrorist Organizations: 2005 to Present, The EIJ is also designated as a terrorist organization by Canada, Australia, and Russia, but not by the EU. Webjihad, (Arabic: struggle or effort) also spelled jehad, in Islam, a meritorious struggle or effort. While in Lebanon, the PIJ leadership cultivated a relationship with Hezbollah and received training from the Iranian Revolutionary Guards. In August 2008, Kourani submitted an application for naturalization in the U.S. in which he falsely claimed, among other things, that he was not affiliated with a terrorist organization. Under the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (IRTPA), however, the redesignation requirement was replaced by certain review and revocation procedures. Soon after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989, Sharif, Zawahiri, and other EIJ leaders joined bin Laden in Khartoum, where he was hosted by Sudans government. The United States designated Islamic Jihad a terrorist organization in 1997. [7] Among those arrested and jailed were many of the EIJs future leaders, including Aymenn al-Zawahiri, Abbud al-Zumar, and Sayyed Imam al-Sharif. [12] Gebara, Khalil. Although the Egyptian government has claimed that the Iranian government funded and otherwise supported the EIJ, there is no evidence to prove this connection. Web. More recently authors such as researcher Robert A. Pape[22] and journalist Lawrence Wright[23] have made no mention of Islamic Jihad and simply name Hezbollah as the author of Lebanese terror attacks claimed or attributed to Islamic Jihad. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

March 24, 2023 The Palestinian Islamic Jihad wants to reestablish a sovereign, Islamic Palestinian state with the geographic borders of the pre-1948 mandate Palestine. Web. Web. Altogether, these attacks killed 659 people [22]. [5] Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Encyclopedia of the Middle East, 2007. [17] Throughout the first half of the 1990s, the EIJ was also often at odds with al-Gamaa al-Islamiyya (GI/GAI) in Egypt, although there is no evidence the groups ever actively fought one another. Web. The Secretary of State must revoke a designation if the Secretary finds that the circumstances that were the basis of the designation have changed in such a manner as to warrant a revocation; The Secretary of State must revoke a designation if the Secretary finds that the national security of the United States warrants a revocation; The Secretary of State may revoke a designation at any time. "Errors By Crew Reportedly Cited in Gander Crash", Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (Pasdaran), 1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires, List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War, "Hezbollah's most wanted commander killed in Syria bomb", " .. ", "Islamic Jihad Organization (Lebanon) / Islamic Jihad (IJO)", "Tehran's master terrorist, Imad Mughniyah and the forgotten road to 9/11 part I of II", "Karrubi: Iran knows Islamic Jihad only through media", "Anne Dammarell et al. Although the EIJ is thought to have commanded a moderate amount of support among Egyptian Islamists in the early 1980s, after its move to Afghanistan in 1986, most of the groups ties to its original community in Egypt were severed. 10 February 1986. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. EIJ claimed responsibility for foiled assassination attempts on Interior Minister Hassan al-Alfi in August 1993 and Prime Minister Atef Sedky in November 1993. v. Islamic Republic of Iran", "Two Iranian exiles are assassinated in Paris", "1992 Patterns of Global Terrorism: The Year in Review", "Abductors in Beirut Demand That Israel Free 400 Prisoners", "1991: Church envoy Waite freed in Beirut", "From the archive: Bells ring nationwide to welcome Terry Waite", "Interview with former Beirut KGB resident Yuri Perfilev", "Interviews Robert Baer Terror And Tehran FRONTLINE PBS", "Islamic Jihad Says It Bombed Embassy; Toll 21", "Hezbollah Again Postpones General Congress", "Israel denies assassinating Hezbollah chief", "CIA and Mossad killed senior Hezbollah figure in car bombing", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Jihad_Organization&oldid=1142608578, Islamic organizations established in 1983, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox militant organization with unknown parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 24 May 1982. Web. 20 August 2015. [5] As the EIJs funding sources in Egypt began to dry up, the group became increasingly reliant on bin Laden for funding and resources.