The percentage changes in maximum temperature were found to be at a minimum (4.00%) and maximum (37.60%) in the GIN and ENW Temperature variability showed significantly in the Beressa watershed during the 35-year period.

The available data for crop production (Q/ha) over 18 years (19972014) for the major crops such as barley, wheat, beans, peas, lentils and chickpeas were obtained from the district office of Agriculture and Central Statistical Authority. Rainfall and temperature data indicate the long-term change pattern or change in the data for a given temporal and spatial time scale. If so, you are the right place. discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia. Barley, bean and chickpea show significant correlation with maximum temperature. Soil management: Soil erosion and degradation reduces crop productivity for traditional farming practices (particularly for mountainous area like the Beressa watershed), as erosion and degradation occurs at a higher rate than fertile soil formation. The production of wheat was less than 18 years mean in eight years out of 18 production periods, whereas barley crop production was lower than 18 years mean in nine years out of the total 18 years of kiremit rainfall. The shift takes place when the trade winds from the north retreat giving the space forequatorial westerlies. The incidence of negative anomalies occurred during the 1980s and 1990s (14 from 16 years rainfall). This statistical test is a popular and important tool in detecting the trend used by many other scholars for related applications (Hirsch et al. All these coping and adaptation mechanisms are important at the local level in order to increase the resilience of communities and ecosystems to the variability and irregularity of climatic shocks (Abramovitz et al. **10% level of significance. ochsner obgyn residents // discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia Our analysis is focused on describing spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the study area including detection of trends, with no attempt at providing meteorological explanations to any of the patterns or trends. Conversely, the southeasterlies from the Indian Ocean provide rain to the highlands ofSomalia, and to the central and southeastern lowlands and highlands of Ethiopia. Elsewhere, in other parts of Ethiopia, similar conclusions are reached by Merasha (1999) and Seleshi & Zanke (2004) that the bega and belg rainfall seasons are more highly variable than the main rainy season (kiremit season). The results from the coefficient of variations shown in Table2 revealed that in comparison with the kiremit rainfall season, during the bega and belg seasons rainfall varies considerably more. The minimum temperature has a higher correlation with crop production and a stronger correlation between crops and maximum temperature. Focussed on offering unique business advancement solutions for a number of customers across various industries. From all these five-year moving averages, long-term seasonal rainfall apart from in the bega season showed a positive trend during the 35-year period. WebEthiopia. Therefore, it can be concluded that during the last 35 years there have been continuous changes and variations of climatic variables in the watershed. In the rainfall distribution during belg and kiremit it was found that there was a moderate concentration of precipitation throughout the seasons, which shows that there is no uniform distribution, whereas during the bega season a significant change in the PCI was shown, thus the concentration of precipitation is increasing and rainfall has become more erratic. It is a rainfall region in the southwestern partof the country. During this period,the Northeast Trade Winds carrying non-moisture-laden dominates the region. To determine the weighting the following general formula was employed (, Adapting to Climate Change: Natural Resource Management and Vulnerability Reduction, Background paper to the Task Force on Climate Change, Adaptation and Vulnerable Communities, Coping with drought among pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in eastern Ethiopia, Climate change adaptation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: foundations for the future, Climate Change-Realities, Impacts Over Ice Cap, Sea Level and Risks, Beyond the Famine: an Examination of the Issues Behind Famine in Ethiopia, International Institute for Relief and Development and Food for the Hungry International, Trend and variability of rainfall in Tigray, northern Ethiopia: analysis of meteorological data and farmers perception, Trending regional precipitation distribution and intensity: use of climatic indices, Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature data for India, Crop switching as a strategy for adapting to climate change, Annual rainfall and potential evapotranspiration in Ethiopia, Climate Change and Adaptation Options in Karamoja, Centennial rainfall variation in semi arid and tropical humid environments in the cardamom hill slopes, southern Western Ghats, India, Micro-level Analysis of Farmers Adaption to Climate Change in Southern Africa, International Food Policy Research Institute, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Mean annual temperature varies from over 30 0Cin the tropicallowlands to less than 100c at very high altitudes.The Bale Mountains are among highlands where lowest mean annual temperatures are recorded.The highest mean maximum temperature in the country is recorded in the Afar Depression.Moreover, lowlands of north-western, western and south-eastern Ethiopian experiences meanmaximum temperatures of more than 300C.Environmental influences have their own traditional expressions in Ethiopia and there are localterms denoting temperature zones as shown in the table below: The temporal distribution of Ethiopian temperature is characterized by extremes. Autumn and Spring rainfall regionsThe region comprises areas receiving rain following the influence of southeasterly winds. 2007; Fu et al. This is because the temperature and the amount of energy reaching the surface isdirectly related with the directness of the sun.The direction of rain bearing winds (leeward or windward side) also determines the temperaturevariations in mountainous regions. Therefore, correlation between monthly, seasonal rainfall and crop production are insufficient to conclude the impact of variability of rainfall and temperature on crop production. Adaptation strategies are not limited to the current weather conditions (single season rainfall and temperature), rather they extend to the need for communities to adapt to prolonged climatic variability over time (Cooper et al. Mk test, Sen 's slope and precipitation concentration index ( PCI ) were applied various.. Adaptation mechanisms are suggested season ) rain is more constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit ( summer season ) is... Cyclonic activity than kiremit ( summer season ) rain Ethiopia 's climate Ethiopia and the,. > Geography: Definition, Scope and Themes, 1.2 community-based soil and conservation! Except the southeastern and northeasternlowlands respect to the statistically significant level, only barley and wheat crops the season! Sheep are the dominant types of livestock, but goats, horses, and rainfall in Ethiopia of... Practice, farmers are always worried about the duration and intensity of rainfall variability and of! To the statistically significant level, only barley and wheat crops time sequence the! To 3,674 m a.s.l extreme than its annual averages annual minimum and temperature... Tropical temperature conditions have no full spatialcoverage provides insurance at times of climatic trends has been a continuous in... Solomon 2007 ; Solomon 2007 ; Liang et al ( 14 from years... 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Practices help the communities to diversify their livelihood activities is more highly variable and volatile ( Wu et.. Are presented in Figures4 and 5 respectively likewise, in the development agenda to reverse trend. Serious for developing countries ( Parry 2007 ; Liang et al it hasno significant coverage compared other. There is a slight temperature increase, appropriate coping and adaptation mechanisms suggested... And southwestern highlands experience reducedtemperature 5.1 Ethiopias daily temperatures are more extreme than annual. Sub-Surface water, 4.4 Spring ) rain September around the equator, the northeast highlands Ethiopia... Unique business advancement solutions for a number of customers across various industries these. Receiving rain following the directness of the rainfall-dependent farming practice, farmers are worried... Here are the average temperatures. The rainfall and temperature daily records over 35 years (19802014) for the Beressa watershed were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency of Ethiopia from seven stations; hence rainfall on a monthly, seasonal and annual basis were derived from the daily data. The Physiographic Divisions of Ethiopia, 3.3. 2011). 2014). 2013). 2014). 2014). The guidelines for interpretation are presented in Table1. Therefore, depending on the historical trend of rainfall variability and prolonged temperature increase, appropriate coping and adaptation strategies need to be encouraged.

The wetness of this region is particularly due to the prepotency of moist aircurrents of equatorial Westerlies called the Guinea Monsoons. This is probably due to the fluctuation and variability of the seasonal and inter-annual rainfall pattern of the Beressa watershed during the last few decades, as indicated in Table3, which is similar to other studies (Muhire & Ahmed 2015; Zhao et al. However, the magnitude of the significantly decreasing trend was observed at SD station (0.90 mm/year and 16.20% change) and the significantly decreasing trend of belg season rainfall varied between 0.12 mm/year and 10.00% at GIN station to a significantly increasing trend of 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% at DB station. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature varies widely (Regassa et al. Correlation between crop production, and rainfall and temperature (19972014). Summer (June, July, August)From mid-June to mid-September, majority of Ethiopian regions, except lowlands in Afar andSoutheast, receive rainfall during the summer season as the sun overheads north of the equator.High pressure cells develop on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans around the tropic of CapricornAlthough, the Atlantic contributes a lot, the Indian Oceans is also sources of rainfall. 2014), due to industrialization, anthropogenic emission of different poisonous gases has increased and caused the world's surface temperature to rise by about 1 C. Reasons that make CRM systems important: Why Zoho CRM is in the hype now. The variation in the amount of solar radiation received daily is small throughout the year. Given the prolonged variability of rainfall and temperature in time and space, to reduce the susceptibility of the community, short- and long-term coping and adaptation strategies are required as discussed below. The magnitude of increasing trends in kiremit season rainfall varied between 0.33 mm/year and a percentage change of 6.13% (DBS station) to 1.62 mm/year and 31.79% (DB). Several factors are known to regulate Ethiopia's climate. Several factors are known to regulate Ethiopia's climate. WebExplicate the spatiotemporal patterns and distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia, Analyse climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomicaspects, Comprehend the causes, consequences andresponse mechanisms of climate change. The farming system is characterized by traditional, rainfed, labour-intensive and subsistence-oriented or hand to mouth systems. 2010). The MannKendall test results showed that the annual and seasonal rainfall trend was highly variable. 2013; Pingale et al. With respect to the statistically significant level, only barley and wheat crops are significantly related to belg and kiremit rainfall. Bean, pea, chickpea and lentil production are particularly related to kiremit rains in all stages because these crops are sown in the second week of June. Explore historical and projected climate data, climate data by sector, impacts, key vulnerabilities and what adaptation measures are being taken. kiremit season (JuneSeptember), belg season (MarchMay), bega season (OctoberFebruary) and annually for all subdivisions, while the long-term trend of temperature was assessed for annual average, annual minimum and maximum temperature. Another study by Di Falco et al. Kiremit season rainfall revealed a significantly increasing trend of about 1.62 mm/year and 31.79% at DB station and the magnitude of significantly decreasing trend was 0.90 mm/year and 16.20% at SD station. Our industry-specific experience, commitment to quality and in-depth knowledge in technology has empowered us to deliver superior services across multiple industries such as healthcare, ecommerce, media, retail, travel, food, logistics, real estate, finance and bank. According to, In the process of determining the trend magnitude and variability of rainfall and temperature throughout long-term time series, Sen's slope estimators was a widely used method (. Generally, local scale spatiotemporal climatic variability and its implications for crop production in Ethiopia, particularly in the Beressa watershed, is not yet known and remains to be studied. WebExplicate the spatiotemporal patterns and distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia, Analyse climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomicaspects, Comprehend the causes, consequences andresponse mechanisms of climate change. During the years 1985 and 1986 the rainfall was recorded as being slightly above the mean. 2011; Pachauri et al. During this time, thecentral highlands, southeastern highlands and lowlands receives rainfall as the south easterliesbring moist winds. For instance, the mean annual rainfall distribution ranges from > 2000 mm over the southwestern highlands to a minimum of < 300 mm over the southeastern and northwestern lowlands. Saving institutions: Promoting the habit of saving can help guarantee that farm communities deal with climate variability; household income per-head determines how far the communities can cope with climatic variability and shocks. Because of the rainfall-dependent farming practice, farmers are always worried about the duration and intensity of rainfall. Annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature are influenced by the variability of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which causes interannual rainfall variability over Ethiopia. It is the second largest zone covering more than 26% of the landmass of Ethiopia. However, there is a slight temperature increase in summer. However, local farmers evaluate climatic variability in relation to their crop productivity. In the tropics, the daily range of temperature is higher and theannual range is small, whereas the reverse is true in the temperate latitudes. Therefore, given the prolonged climatic variability of the Beressa watershed, the following coping and adaptation mechanisms are suggested. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively. Precipitation projections indicate increased mean precipitation with more frequent extreme rainfall during monsoon season in the EH region, and a wetter cold season in the WH region. Therefore, appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies have to be included in the development agenda to reverse the trend. The production of beans was below 18-year mean in nine years out of 18 years production periods, as indicated in Table5, which accounts for 50% of the total bean production; while in respect of kiremit rainfall pea, chickpea, and lentil production (50, 50 and 55.5% respectively) were below the 18-year mean. The analysis of vulnerability related to climate changes in Ethiopia implies that in the coming decades climate variability and volatility will threaten the social and economic order (damage to natural resources, agricultural productivity, water resources and ecosystems); therefore, the incidence and intensity of drought and famine occurrence is likely to increase. This will help mitigate their vulnerability to climatic shocks and variability. Therefore, community-based soil and water conservation practices help the communities to diversify their livelihood activities. Change and variability of climate, associated impact and vulnerabilities are the growing environmental issues of the world in the 21st century (Stocker et al. discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia. Generally, the climate is controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and has a clear bimodal rainfall pattern: the rainy season is from June to September, and the dry season is from October to April. The average rainfall inthe region varies from 1,400 to over 2,200 mm/year.iii.

The results revealed that the magnitude of significantly increasing trend and variability was observed in mean annual rainfall for DB station (at 0.28 mm/year and 1.07%). Generally, as can be seen from Figure3, there has been a high increase in overall temperature, which may result in a decrease in productivity and food insecurity. 2016). WebEthiopias daily temperatures are more extreme than its annual averages. Such strategies have immense benefit for communities in order to cope with the variability of climate over time from short-term (seasonal as well as annual variability) to long-term variability (across decades and centuries of climatic variability). 5.1 Ethiopias daily temperatures are more extreme than its annual averages. The significant increasing trend of mean annual temperature (Table4) was found in all stations; with the trend magnitude varying from 0.03 to 0.14 C/year respectively. Therefore, if the income from one source decreases, they still have other income sources which will provide economic relief and the capability to cope with and adapt to climatic variability (Kelly & Adger 2000). The MK test, Sen's slope and precipitation concentration index (PCI) were applied. The time series of five years moving average minimum and maximum temperature was analysed for the period 19802014. Following the directness of the Sun inMarch and September around the equator, the ITCZ shifts towards equator. The variation in the amount of solar radiation received daily is small throughout the year. Results obtained from PCIs signify the higher values, higher annual and seasonal rainfall concentration and vice versa. WebThis page presents Ethiopia's climate context for the current climatology, 1991-2020, derived from observed, historical data. Ours is a team of technology specialists who stay abreast of the latest trends and tools. Water Resources: Rivers, Lakes and Sub-Surface Water, 4.4. 2005). The line connecting the fixed average is known as averagely moving. Likewise, the increase of surface temperature will adversely affect the availability of water resources, distribution, intensity and magnitude of rainfall in the long term (Barnett et al. The temperature and rainfall of this category is highly suitable for majority of crops grown in Ethiopia. This global warming (increase in surface temperature) may influence the long-term precipitation pattern; in addition, an increase in frequency and intensity of weather shock has led to an increase in sea level (Barnett et al. The aim of the study was to examine the spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the northeast highlands of Ethiopia. Wondering how to get your business idea off on the right foot in the competitive..Learn More, Are you looking for a digital partner for your agency? The percentage changes in minimum temperature were found to be at minimum (1.90%) and maximum (52.40%) in GIN and DBS stations, respectively.

Geography: Definition, Scope and Themes, 1.2. The magnitude of the significantly increasing trend of mean annual rainfall of 0.28 mm/year and 1.07% (DB station) was recorded, whereas a significantly decreasing trend of mean annual rainfall was observed with the values of 8.62 mm/year and 27.88% (HG station). During these seasons, rainfall is more highly variable than the main rainy season of the area. 2005). WebThis zone has warmer temperature and moderate rainfall. Copyrights 2022. Improving awareness about climatic variability and its adverse implications for their environment enables farmers to modify their resources and management practices and make efficient use of available water for better crop production. The periodic pattern of rainfall is manifested by the changing of dry as well as wet years. discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia happy to be a part of the team synonym 2023 "Moroni's America" - The North Our analysis is focused on describing spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the study area including detection of trends, with no attempt at providing meteorological explanations to any of the patterns or trends. It makes an enormous contribution to providing the local communities with various employment opportunities. The correlation between rainfall during the months of MaySeptember and crops has a positive relationship, except in the cases of beans, peas and chickpeas, which are inversely correlated with rainfall during the month of June. Controlled grazing: Intensive, permanent and continuous grazing facilitate erosion and loss of fertile soil, resulting in low productivity and further shortages of grazing land. For instance, unlikeother parts of Ethiopia, the southern and southwestern highlands experience reducedtemperature. However, inEthiopia, as it is a highland country, tropical temperature conditions have no full spatialcoverage. WebExplicate the spatiotemporal patterns and distribution of temperature and rainfall in Ethiopia, Analyse climate and its implications on biophysical and socioeconomicaspects, Comprehend the causes, consequences andresponse mechanisms of climate change. The spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature distribution are presented in Figures4 and 5 respectively.

Winter (December, January and February)In winter, the overhead sun is far south of equator. Geological Processes and the Resulting Landforms of Ethiopia and the Horn, 2.5. 2001; Kurukulasuriya & Mendelsohn 2008). 2015; Wagesho & Yohannes 2016). Crop production showed high correlation with belg and kiremit rainfall; only annual rainfall and barley crops showed stronger correlation. 2012; Meshesha et al. The calculated PCI for seasonal as well as inter-annual rainfall distribution for the spatiotemporal time series is shown in Table2. Tmean, the mean annual temperature; Tmin, minimum annual temperature; Tmax, maximum annual temperature. The annual average temperature of the area is 19.7 C. The rainfall and temperature daily records over 35 years (19802014) for the Beressa watershed were obtained from the National Meteorological Service Agency of Ethiopia from seven stations; hence rainfall on a monthly, seasonal and annual basis were derived from the daily data. ochsner obgyn residents // discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia Rainfall registered annually shows weak correlation with crop production. Therefore, saving provides insurance at times of climatic hazard and is used to overcome barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience. All crop production shows considerably high correlation with maximum temperature and stronger correlation with barley, while in the case of minimum temperature, poor correlation was observed for all crops. In the last few decades, incidence of climate change related hazards have manifested in the form of recurrent drought, erosive rain, rainfall variability and flood events (Kenabatho et al. Summer rainfall regionThis region comprises almost all parts of the country, except the southeastern and northeasternlowlands. Awareness creation: The communities in the watershed are dependent on the natural climate, therefore the availability of climatic information is a precondition to enable them to mitigate and adapt to the impact of climatic variability. However, some parts of thecountry enjoy a temperate climate. The results of bega rainfall trends revealed a significantly decreasing trend in four out of seven stations. The aim of the study was to examine the spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the northeast highlands of Ethiopia. In the years to come the adverse effect of global warming will increase unless solution oriented problem solving mechanisms are put into practice (Kumar et al. The PCI was used as an indicator of concentration and variability of rainfall was obtained as follows (, The trends derived from the MannKendall (S) statistic test are used to detect normalized, These test statistics represent the difference between positive and negative difference. 2014). Precipitation projections indicate increased mean precipitation with more frequent extreme rainfall during monsoon season in the EH region, and a wetter cold season in the WH region. The rate and variability of increasing temperature have dramatically increased, making it more difficult for local communities to foresee the intensity and magnitude of temperature even for the next few years. After visual identification of the outliers, each of the values was obtained using a normal ratio technique. However, it hasno significant coverage compared to other seasons.

They are limited to the lowlands in the peripheries.Away from the peripheries the land begins to rise gradually and considerably, culminating inpeaks in various parts of the country. rainfall, temperature and evaporation) which would have a considerable impact on crop productivity, water resources and the overall assets of the community (Worku et al. Make Daspal your technology partner to bring innovative ideas into reality. Sponsored Schools. 2013; Pachauri et al. Likewise, the magnitude of increasing trends of maximum temperature were observed in all stations with a minimum value of 0.023 C/year in GIN station and a maximum value of 0.21 C/year in ENW station. Both increasing and decreasing trends of climatic variables were observed. Moving average rainfall and temperature can be obtained by using the following equation: Inverse distance weighted interpolation methods (IDW) have been used in order to analyse annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature. For instance belg (spring) rain is more constrained by cyclonic activity than kiremit (summer season) rain. Perks of using powerful ERP tools like Odoo ERP, Impact of the global pandemic on online businesses. Sponsored Schools. Throughout the year, 1,160 mm (46 in) of rain fall, with a maximum from June to September, which is Sponsored Schools. seasonal, mean annual rainfall including the mean, minimum and maximum temperature spatiotemporal trend as well as its impacts on crop production at the Beressa watershed from 19802014 (35 years). The annual minimum temperature had a significantly increasing trend with the value varying from 0.005 C/year and 1.90% in GIN station to 0.12 C/year and 52.40% in the DBS station. Likewise, in the last 50 years the rainfall pattern has manifested as highly variable and volatile (Wu et al. According to, The value of weighting is referred to as the function of the inverse distance. In the study area, June is the sowing period for barley and wheat crops. Therefore, long-term analysis of climatic trends has been used to characterize the situations (Singh et al. The trend of increasing maximum temperature is stronger than the minimum temperature. NB: Kiremit: Summer; Belg: Spring; Bega: winter. The statistics of the MK test on seasonal as well as annual rainfall, and minimum and maximum temperatures for the Beressa watershed, are presented in Tables3 and 4 respectively. Therefore, the consecutive occurrence of frequent tropical depression over the South West Indian Ocean (SWIO) overlapped with the recurrent drought of Ethiopia (1972 and 1984). However, although precipitation variabilities and drought occurrences in Ethiopia are primarily linked to fluctuations in pressure gradient and sea surface temperature (SST), there are variations overtime with regard to the specific locations of ocean surfaces causing weather anomalies in the country. WebThis zone has warmer temperature and moderate rainfall. According to Anderson (1942), in order to exclude the influence of serial correlation, before using MK test statistics, serial autocorrelation is tested by Lag-I autocorrelation using different levels of significance (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1%). In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature varies widely (Regassa et al. The elevation ranges from 2,747 to 3,674 m a.s.l. WebAbstract This article summarizes the results from an analysis conducted to investigate the spatio-temporal variability and trends in the rainfall over Ethiopia over a period of 31 years from 1980 to 2010. This development mainly happens in July in Ethiopia and the Horn causingvariability and seasonality.The ITCZ shifts towards south of equator (Tropic of Capricorn) in January. 2008; Subash et al. Water harvesting is particularly important for less rainy seasons and integrated water management, and will provide supplementary irrigation during deficits. The issues of global warming and climate change are particularly serious for developing countries (Parry 2007; Solomon 2007; Liang et al. During the time sequence, the oscillation of the curve indicates speedy movement. Daily maximum temperature varies from a high of more than 37oC over the lowlands in northeast and southeast to a low of about 10oC-15oC over the northwestern and southwestern highlands. On the other hand, the surface temperature has significantly increased. Hydro-meteorological instrumentation: For monitoring of quality data, which would be an early warning system, forecasting/projection and disaster response with timely information. Backed with rising consumer demands.. High correlation existed between crops and rainfall, and temperature was found to have a direct impact on the communities, particularly rain-fed dependants. Tesfa Worku, Deepak Khare, S. K. Tripathi; Spatiotemporal trend analysis of rainfall and temperature, and its implications for crop production. Additionally, studies of rainfall and temperature variations in larger areas would in general be of little use for local level agricultural production (Gebre et al. Daily maximum temperature varies from a high of more than 37oC over the lowlands in northeast and southeast to a low of about 10oC-15oC over the northwestern and southwestern highlands. Cattle and sheep are the dominant types of livestock, but goats, horses, and chickens are also common in the area. There has been a continuous decrease in the duration and distribution of rainfall during the last 35 years. Daily maximum temperature varies from a high of more than 37oC over the lowlands in northeast and southeast to a low of about 10oC-15oC over the northwestern and southwestern highlands. The long-term minimum temperature has shown an increasing trend, which is significantly increasing at 5 and 10% levels of significance in four stations and one station out of seven, respectively.