limitations of schofield equation

However, in agreement with the present study, the errors of both equations were relatively large. However, the US IOM REE data are lower than the present REE data for a German population. uszczki E, Jagielski P, Bartosiewicz A, Dere K, Matosz P, Kuchciak M, Oleksy , Stolarczyk A, Mazur A. Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 20;13(1):4527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31661-1. Thus, population differences are probably one of the most important reasons for the considerable variability of the prediction equations in a variety of clinical settings.

This idea is somehow contradictory to the observation of the nonlinearity of the relation between REE and body mass or between REE and FFM (20). BMI was calculated with weight (kg) and height (m) measurements. In addition, anthropometric measurements were used in a small subgroup of subjects. Low carbohydrate high fat-diet in real life assessed by diet history interviews. 2011 Nov;111(11):1670-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.011. Dietary reference intakes: energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. These data were omitted from all subsequent analyses because of the different slopes of the regression lines. Because obesity research was the main focus in some of the study centers, all age groups except young adults had a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. By contrast, a lower ratio of REE to body mass (or FFM) is observed in overweight and obese subjects (20, 37, 38). Disclaimer. WebBoy and Girl - Infants and Toddlers 0-3 months EER (kcal/d) = (89 x Wt [kg] - 100) + 175 4-6 months EER (kcal/d) = (89 x Wt [kg] - 100) + 56 7-12 months EER (kcal/d) = (89 x Wt [kg] - 100) + 22 13-36 months EER (kcal/d) = (89 x Wt [kg] - 100) + 20 Boys 3-8 years old EER (kcal/d) = 88.5 - 61.9 x Age [y] + PA x (26.7 x Wt [kg] + 903 x Ht [m]) +20 Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast of 12h just before the indirect calorimetry test.
Nutr Clin Pract. They were admitted to the clinic at 8:00 a.m. after an overnight fast of 12h. After resting for 30min in a recumbent position, subjects breathed for 30min through a clear plastic canopy over their heads in a quiet dimly lit thermoneutral room. MJM and AB-W performed data analyses and wrote the manuscript. /CreationDate (D:20160217200106-05'00') Comparisons were made within each sex only because significant interactions were observed between sex and BMI category. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1kg and height to the nearest 0.1cm with a stadiometer. There are biologically sound reasons that prediction of REE should use its major determinant, fat-free mass (FFM), instead of body weight (1921). A total of 281 CKD patients (124 non-dialysis, 99 haemodialysis and 58 peritoneal dialysis) were included in the present study. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is recognized as an important public health problem, in which the incidence has increased markedly in the last few years [1]. Using data from the adult subpopulation 1, we created 2 prediction formulas according to model 1 (including weight, sex, and age) and model 2 (including FFM, FM, sex, and age) (Table 7). /Length 11 0 R Energy metabolism. eCollection 2023. In conclusion, REE prediction by WHO formulas systematically over- and underestimates REE and is inadequate for use in underweight subjects. Finally, a potential explanation for an inaccurate estimation of REE by the prediction equations in the present study can be the differences between the study population and the population from which the equations were originally derived. Schofield Equation Males. Triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds were measured on the right side of the body to the nearest 0.5 mm with the use of a Lange Skinfold Caliper (Beta Technology Inc, Cambridge, MD; respective equations are given in reference 34). Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the application of the World Health Organization (WHO) equations from 1985 in healthy subjects living in a modern, affluent society in Germany and to generate a new formula for predicting REE. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A comparison of FFM calculated with the use of the manufacturer's algorithm (FFMm) with FFM calculated with the use of either Segal's algorithm (FFMs) or Deurenberg's algorithm (FFMd) in a subgroup of 88 subjects from Kiel showed a very close association between FFMm and FFMs and between FFMm and FFMd (R2 values of 0.967 and 0.966, respectively). Chmielewska A, Kujawa K, Regulska-Ilow B. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Men = 66 + (13.7 weight) + (5 height) (6.8 age), Women = 655 + (9.6 weight) + (1.7 height) (4.7 age), Copyright 2023 European Renal Association. Indirect calorimetry is among the methods that most accurately measure the REE. In order to estimate the energy requirement of the CKD patients, we calculated the total energy expenditure (TEE) as the REE multiplied by 1.55 (the mean physical activity factor for sedentary adults according to the World Health Organization). 3060. Deviations differed between BMI subgroups (Table 9).

This simplified equation predicted measured REE in the validation dataset with much higher accuracy (narrow limits of agreement) compared to the Schofield equation. Design: The study was a cross-sectional and retrospective analysis of data on REE and body composition obtained from 2528 subjects aged 591 y in 7 different centers between 1985 and 2002. To compare the methodologic approaches used by the various groups of authors discussed in the present study, we tried to obtain as much information as possible from each group of authors. Search for other works by this author on: Institute of Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro State University, REE was measured by indirect calorimetry using an open circuit ventilated computerized metabolic system (Vmax series 29n; SensorMedics Corp; Yorba Linda, CA, USA). According to the IOM estimates, PALs between 1.59 and 1.72 were calculated; these PALs are within the physical activity recommendations (ie, PAL between 1.6 and 1.7). WebFinally, Schofield equation, similar to all equations used to estimate energy requirement, has limitations and can potentially overestimate the energy requirement.13 35 This may be Bars with different letters are significantly different, P < 0.05 (ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test). Predictions below or above the limits were defined as underestimation or overestimation, respectively.

All subjects were previously instructed to refrain from any unusual physical activity (24 h period) prior to the test and to sleep at the same time as usual in the night before the REE measurement. Background: Reference standards for resting energy expenditure (REE) are widely used. By contrast, BMI groupspecific REE prediction equations reached a higher accuracy in these underweight subgroups than in the other subgroups. REE prediction formulas for specific body mass index groups reduced the deviations.

2023 Mar 19;15(6):1475. doi: 10.3390/nu15061475. All values are x SD. However, previous recommendations of energy requirements were based on the most recent equations predicting REE (Schofield equations; references 3, 5). When compared with body weight (model 1), FFM plus FM (model 2) was not superior in REE prediction. As can be seen, the overestimation of REE (adequacy >110%) by the predictive equations was highly prevalent in both CKD and control groups. These shortcomings are due in part to the heterogeneity of the reference study populations, methodologic drawbacks, and the variability of REE. However, predictive equations might generate errors large enough to impact outcome. Two prediction equations using easily measurable variables were compared with the reference indirect calorimetry for the estimation of REE. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Bland and Altman comparative analysis for REE predicted by the Harris and Benedicts (HB) and Schofields equations against indirect calorimetry (IC) in non-dialysis, haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and controls [men (filled diamonds) and women (unfilled diamonds)]. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Because patients with anorexia nervosa are considered to be physically healthy, wedecided to include these patients as a severely underweight subgroup. FFMBIA, FFM determined with the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis; FFMBIA+Anthro, FFM determined with the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis or skinfold-thickness measurements. However, whether these formulas adequately address REE in subjects living in modern, affluent societies is unclear. REE prediction from weight groupspecific formulas is superior to that from weight groupunspecific formulas. 5 0 obj Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that in such circumstances, an overestimation of REE by the prediction equation could be favourable for CKD patients by providing enough energy replacement to ensure their increased energy needs. Peritoneal dialysis patients with episodes of peritonitis within 3months prior to the study were not included. The oxygen and carbon dioxide sensors were calibrated before each REE measurement with the use of mixed reference gases of known composition. WHO prediction, which uses body weight as one determinant, systematically overestimates REE at low metabolic rate (Figure 3) and thus low body mass. Descriptive statistics including means, SDs, and ranges were calculated for all variables for defined age and sex groups. The different sex and age groups differed significantly in REE (Table 5 and data not shown). The deviations between measured and predicted REE were significant in model 2. The newer Henry equation addressed some of the limitations of the Schofield equation by including data collected on greater numbers of people from tropical REE was obtained by using indirect calorimetry with different ventilated hood systems, mouthpiece measurements, or a metabolic chamber (seeTable 1 for the description of the individual measurement procedure, technical details about instrumentation, and its calibration; references 2431). *P < 0.001 Harris and Benedict > indirect calorimetry; **P < 0.001 Schofield > Harris and Benedict and indirect calorimetry. 74 W + 2 754. Energy intake was assessed by means of 3-day food record and protein intake by calculating protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance (PNA) according to the KDOQI guideline for nutrition [16]. 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