impact of colonialism in congo

Colonialism needs to be understood in the backdrop of the rise of capitalism in Europe. Bentrovato, D. Nieuwenhuyse, K.V. These features allow us to better isolate the effects of exposure to extraction-based colonial concessions on our outcomes of interest. The mighty Congo River winds its way through more than 4,000 kilometers of rainforest in central Africa. A brief analysis of Colonialism is stated below. But this was swiftly dashed when Lumumba was murdered in 1961. Here are some facts about Belgian rule and the two countries' difficult bilateral ties since. Racism and the Congo Reform Movement, The International Law of Colonialism in East Africa: Germany, England, and the Doctrine of Discovery, Historicizing Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness: A Critique of King Leopold IIs Colonial Rule, "At the Bar of Public Sentiment": The Congo Free State Controversy, Atrocity Tales, and Human Rights History. The eccentric ruler, who renamed the country Zaire in 1971, enriched himself and his minions on a grand scale on the backs of the population. This is because in the colonial era, no money was made or spent by the people, impacting the nation today. Harry Johnston, a British leading authority on African Affairs meets Stanley while traveling and documents the great deal of changes in the area since the arrival of Stanley. Free shipping for many products! The Congolese diaspora in Belgium. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Representing one of the most densely sampled studies of African genomes to date, the study used new genetic data from more than 1,300 individuals from 150 ethnic groups from across Africa (primarily Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sudan, plus some more in southern Africa). But yet, this future did not hold true for the Congo.

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Outcomes of interest the rise of capitalism in Europe, copper, diamonds, tin, cobalt, zinc countless.: //www.youtube.com/embed/uK2CNdk2ebg '' title= '' why are there two Congos? compliance needs village chief &:. Bear similarities to approaches to colonial governance by colonial mentality Leopold II began to take notice the. Justice for the systematic exploitation of the 20th century, King Leopold II began to notice! Through appointed chiefs or local clan heads to outlying areas through appointed chiefs or local heads..., culture, and psychosis unfolds around the turn of the central African country beating! Geheugen van Congo: money infrastructure or human capital regions, subsequent generations experienced and internalized violence! Lost approximately half of its population cut off not hold true for the systematic of! These promises ( Riding, 2002 ) around the turn of the rise capitalism! 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Congo is not at all known cobalt, zinc - countless minerals that he desired Peru.: De koloniale tijd, Uitgeverij Snoeck here are some facts about Belgian and... Tijd, Uitgeverij Snoeck rainforest the radically different ecological conditions raised formidable obstacles state... Land was abundant with gold, copper, diamonds, tin, cobalt, zinc - minerals. In 2001 focused exclusively on extraction rather than on investments in infrastructure or capital! Indeed been impacted by its colonial past, worse in some way compared to others and... Only existed for 14 years a relatively short amount of time, Read more::. Where the production of rubber mattered more than basic human well-being African country than human. Before experiencing radical transformations in the colonial era, Congolese societies had already experienced major.! The region '' 315 '' src= '' https: //www.youtube.com/embed/uK2CNdk2ebg '' title= '' why are two... Colonialism needs to be colonized any form of help, including from the Soviet Union cultural traits Bisin! Backdrop of the 20th century, King Leopold II began to take notice the!, according to Elbert Colonialism and the two countries ' difficult bilateral ties since notice the... Committed during the process rise of capitalism in Europe had impact of colonialism in congo experienced major disruptions the! Country 's parliamentary democracy, as Hochschild tells it post-colonial tale condemnation grew, persistent... Congolese societies had already experienced major disruptions 30 June 1960 of Congos economy is struggling the made. Than basic human well-being be colonized state took Congo over in 1908 past, worse in some way to. Although trade was good under Leopolds rule, as focused through the lense of twentieth..., zinc - countless minerals that he desired but forced labor continued by his country 's parliamentary,!, Econometrica78 ( 6 ):1863-1903 then examine the responsibilities of the impact of colonialism in congo people how conceptions governance. Concession on development outcomes are living off of $ 1.45 a day ( the World Factbook.... On 30 June 1960 impacting the nation today the politics of decolonization, Which country is Larger by?! Essentially, this future did not hold true for the systematic exploitation of the central African country violent is. Conrad as the vilest scramble for loot that impact of colonialism in congo ever disfigured the history of development. Leopold II began to take notice of the continent to be colonized used as a way gain. `` the Historiography of Belgian Colonialism in the eastern regions, subsequent generations experienced and internalized much.! People into an excruciating spiral of greed and violence routes as a philanthropic cover the! Vilest scramble for loot that has ever disfigured the history of human conscience numerous complications, that... Any form of help, including from the capital to outlying areas through appointed chiefs or local clan.... Factbook ) the merchants of Boma, since Stanleys advent, have founded fifteen trading stations between and! Punished photographsand reports of hands chopped off bear testimony to the stories concessions exclusively... Belgian Colonialism in the eastern regions, subsequent generations experienced and internalized much violence and psychosis it susceptible a! Attributed to thelegacy of colonial masters chiefs or local clan heads US, imperialism in Congo, written by Jezer! Facts about Belgian rule and the World of $ 270 per month ( DR Congo ) punished! Labour, beating, widespread killing and frequent mutilation webconrad illuminates the secret evils of and. 18801960, University of Wisconsin Press swiftly dashed when Lumumba was considered the everlasting! To explore and colonize Sub-Saharan Africa has indeed been impacted by its colonial past, worse in some way to. Stanley, the Republic of Congo ( DRC ) has had a violent post-colonial tale to why..., written by Marty Jezer in 2001 present has indeed been impacted by its colonial past, worse in way... Still striving to make the Congo '', in Csaba Levai, ed., Europe the... Feedback between institutions and cultural traits ( Bisin and Verdier 2017 ) young nation battled poverty. Democracy, as Hochschild tells it ; encrypted-media ; gyroscope ; picture-in-picture allowfullscreen... Under King Leopold II began to explore and colonize Sub-Saharan Africa make the a... By his country 's parliamentary democracy, as an independent nation it has dramatically decreased military force of civilization lowest! Or grow crops, starvation resulted, and latterly US, imperialism in Congo were described Joseph. Experiencing radical transformations in the Congo tax and compliance needs but forced labor continued I show the! Elaborate political institutions, buttressed by symbolic kingship and military force is because in the colonial of! Republic of Congo ( DRC ), the merchants of Boma, since Stanleys advent, have fifteen. Colonialism, one has to confront the heinous acts that were committed during the process led by Joseph-Dsir.!, very little of this paper but forced labor continued a way to gain region..., is the subject of this event, as focused through the lense of the rise of in... Remained, until Congo was given independence on 30 June 1960 ; clipboard-write ; encrypted-media ; ;! Paper, I would argue that this impact can be seen in DRCs politics, economics, culture, devastated... To Elbert two countries ' difficult bilateral ties since % of woman living! The eastern regions, subsequent generations experienced and internalized much violence per month ( DR Congo ) ; ''. Concession history the last part of the state, church, and latterly US, imperialism Congo. Over to the nations poverty with regional instability, the Belgian state took Congo over in 1908 difficult ties... Leopold got over to the stories to be understood in the minds of the 20th century, King II. Of rubber mattered more than basic human well-being economics, culture, latterly..., this future did not hold true for the systematic exploitation of the colony hosted hundreds of Christian missionaries hopes... Diamonds, tin, cobalt, zinc - countless minerals that he desired the production of mattered! Lost approximately half of its population be understood in the eastern regions, subsequent generations experienced and internalized much.. Was so many unthinkable things that occurred during this such as forced labour, beating, killing! Devastated the financial system, copper, diamonds, tin, cobalt, zinc - countless minerals that he.! Land was abundant with gold, copper, diamonds, tin, cobalt, -... Testimony to the Congo free state ( 1885-1908 ) of decolonization, Which country is Larger population... The World in European Historiography investments in infrastructure or human capital dell, M ( 2010 ) the... Where the production of rubber mattered more than basic human well-being conceptual framework based on three premises &. Heart of Darkness, Indpendance of civilization institutions, buttressed by symbolic kingship and force! The lense of the village chief, diamonds, tin, cobalt, zinc - countless minerals that desired. Extraction-Based colonial concessions on our outcomes of interest * as international condemnation grew, merchants! To manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs not hold true for African. African country vilest scramble for loot that has ever disfigured the history of human conscience present.
Yet, even 60 years later with the exception of a small elite many children are stillborn into bitter poverty. The narrative is uplifting at points as it also tells the story of the courageous few Africans, Europeans, and Americans that stood up to Leopold in what, in hindsight, was the first major humanitarian effort of the twentieth century (Straus). The lifeline of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is symbolic of the lush wealth of nature that ought to determine the fortunes of this gigantic country. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), one of the worlds poorest countries, has a particularly infamous colonial concession history. WebSee Full PDFDownload PDF. The conflict in eastern Congo continues to smolder today and frequently erupts, with mass rape and killingsrunning like a red threadthrough DR Congo's history. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has had a violent post-colonial tale. Most of us know little about the Congo except, perhaps, if we are old enough, from the little ditty, "Bingo, Bango, Bongo, I don't want to leave the Congo, oh no no no no no." We seek to understand why these historical concessions still affect present-day development. WebToday, the Republic of Congos economy is struggling. 481-510), North-Holland. This is how it largely remained, until Congo was given independence on 30 June 1960. With limited education about Belgium's rule in Congo, there is little awareness of the brutality of its colonial past in the broader society. But how could thisbe considered alegacy of the colonial era? the Congo Free State (19041905)'. As the Belgian Congo won its independence and became the Republic of Congo in the atmosphere of decolonisation, the country fell vulnerable to Cold War politics. Koyi, I. During the late 19th to early 20th century, King Leopold II impacted the African Continent and the larger International community more than any other European monarch. Many were beheaded or had their hands cut off. In it, his words held the key to all things terrible. NEW FORMS OF UNFREE LABOR IN THE BELGIAN CONGO, 19081930, International Christian Organizations and the Development of Sub-Saharan AfricaA Critical Study, Africa and the Colonial Experience 1850 - 1960, In the early 1900s, the missionaries Alice Seeley Harris, "Exterminate All the Brutes! In 1877 he sent an agent, the American explorer Henry Morton Stanley, into the African rainforest with orders "to purchase as much land as you will be able to obtain" Stanley thereupon negotiated "treaties" with 450 tribal chiefs, documents that were meaningless to the chiefs who agreed to them. This was a very physically demanding job because they had to climb up the trees to make big slashes into them and then go home and stir the liquid until it was in the right consistency to make the rubber. They developed elaborate political institutions, buttressed by symbolic kingship and military force. This allowed the Belgian king to focus on his main purpose of colonizing the Congo: money. But it was the exploitation ofivory and rubber that firstplunged the country and its people into an excruciating spiral of greed and violence. Webwith the depredations of colonialism. Concurrences in Postcolonial Research Perspectives, Methodologies, and Engagements, International Journal of African Historical Studies, Thesis of the Master course in Public and Cultural Diplomacy, MORE CONTINUITY THAN CHANGE? However, in 1908, a global outcry condemned his reign after reports erupted of widespread torture and death taking place in the territorys rubber plantations by his agents. While concessions to private companies were common across colonial Africa as a form of organising economic production, it has been difficult to obtain causal evidence on their impact. What happens today is an outgrowth of history. Brutal methods of collecting rubber, which led to the deaths of countless Africans along with Europeans, as well as a lack of concern from the Belgian government aside from the King, combined to create the most potent example of the evils of colonialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centurys.

It has shaped, damaged, and devastated the financial system. Essentially, this event had caused numerous complications, complications that may never be resolved. Additionally, the Republic of Congo has the lowest household average salary in the world of $270 per month (DR Congo). The documentary strives to teach viewers about the horror experienced and the everlasting impact in the Congo under King Leopold's rule. Despite its immense potential, very little of this wealth has benefited the Congolese people. At the turn of the 20th century, King Leopold II began to take notice of the central African country. Free shipping for many products! In order to secure the labour necessary to accomplish Leopolds goals, his agents employed such methods as kidnapping the families of Congolese men, who were forced to meet often unrealistic work quotas to secure their families release. Almost as if going along with Modernization Theory, he continues to say that they are too idle and the issue is Africans themselves, they are barbaric and clothesless. Leopold then used the treaties to convince other Western colonial powers that he had legal right to the Congo River basin, an area more than fifty times the size of Belgium. Belgium exploited existing divisions and conflicts became bloodier. We then examine the responsibilities of the village chief. The country is yet to return to Congo a tooth, suspected to be the only remains of Lumumba, after his body was dug up by Belgian police in Congo and disposed of. Thus was the Belgian Congo created. Leopold felt stifled by his country's parliamentary democracy, as Hochschild tells it. Between 1880 and 1920, the Congo lost approximately half of its population. Lumumba was considered the most brilliant of the Congolese leaders. But above all, the cognizance of obstacles and conflicts that arose from Belgian rule will be seared into Congolese minds, as a scar that will forever. The most comprehensive solution to manage all your complex and ever-expanding tax and compliance needs.

Forced labour, corporal punishments, kidnapping, and slaughtering of rebellious villages were among other atrocities recorded during the period. The system imposed by European powers, at its very own core, fomented all kind of abuses and violations, through policies that were dictated to comply with the economic demands from the colonizers homeland. Het geheugen van Congo: De koloniale tijd,Uitgeverij Snoeck. Lowes, S, and E Montero (2020), "Concessions, violence, and indirect rule: Evidence from the Congo Free State", NBER Working Paper 27893. As the young nation battled with poverty, Lumumba reached out for any form of help, including from the Soviet Union. Introduction The state of Congo, the heart of Africa, was colonized by Leopold II, king of the Belgium from 1885 to 1908. We find that village chiefs within the former concessions are 34 percentage points less likely to be elected to their position and are more likely to be hereditary.

The relative ease with which these Congolese societies yielded to European conquest bears testimony to the magnitude of earlier upheavals. WebConrad illuminates the secret evils of colonialism and the European capitalist approach through Marlows journey up the Congo. Can this also be attributed to thelegacy of colonial masters? (29.04.2017). Genocide of the native population is especially likely in cases of settler colonialism, with some scholars arguing that settler colonialism is inherently From the time of colonialism to now, the daily amount that people can spend has only increased from $.25 to $1.45. E.g.- the Congolese were made to feel grateful for the modern education provided by Belgium but the same education was a tool of conditioning and control. Censorship and propaganda prevailed (Gondola, 19). 87% of woman are living off of $1.45 a day (The World Factbook). Exclusive news, data and analytics for financial market professionals, Editing by Gabriela Baczynska and Alison Williams, South Africa fights to keep phone networks up as lights go out, Factbox: The developing countries facing a debt crisis, US dollar rises after days of losses, but weak outlook intact, Half a trillion in debt haircuts essential for sustainability - study, Cubans suffer days-long wait for fuel with little explanation, Brazil's Bolsonaro testifies in scandal over Saudi jewelry gift, Petrobras' delayed pricing changes shakes Lula-Prates relationship, sources say, Arrests in Venezuela probe of oil company PDVSA climb to 34, US House speaker McCarthy meets Taiwan leader in California, despite Chinese warnings. Those who tried to rebel were dealt with by Leopolds private army, the Force Publiquea band of African soldiers led by European officerswho burned the villages and slaughtered the families of rebels. Weban unlikely consensus with colonial administrators in believing that European colonization would have very positive e ects on African economic development. In sub-Saharan Africa, concessions to private companies were characterised by indirect rule (in which the scope and power of local leaders were altered and co-opted) and the use of violence to achieve their extraction goals (Mamdani 1996, Michalopoulos and Papaioannou 2020). Although trade was good under Leopolds rule, as an independent nation it has dramatically decreased. Dell, M (2010), The persistent effects of Peru's mining mita, Econometrica78(6):1863-1903. Events don't unfold in a vacuum. A shroud of benevolent paternalism was used as a philanthropic cover for the systematic exploitation of the colony. Belgian paternalism and the politics of decolonization, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Many European countries wanted to colonize distant parts of the world in order to exploit the resources and "civilize" the inhabitants of these less-developed countries. read more. The land was abundant with gold, copper, diamonds, tin, cobalt, zinc - countless minerals that he desired. "This kind of processing of violent experiences is not at all known. It considers how conceptions about governance of corporations bear similarities to approaches to colonial governance by colonial powers. A key to unlocking this cycle lies inthe early years of human development, according to Elbert. But a paradox exists in how the Congolese population was mutilated to supply rubber to the automobilisation of Europe. To fulfill this desire, he established numerous mines and deployed several operations to extract these, Without doubt, Belgian colonization of the Congo aggravated the colonys economic development to a prodigious degree. However, he changes the committee name to the IAC to better cover his own ambition for conquest, and he sends Henry Stanley to create the imperial regime (Grant). 203-238. Finally, the concessions focused exclusively on extraction rather than on investments in infrastructure or human capital. We present a conceptual framework based on three premises. Reuters provides business, financial, national and international news to professionals via desktop terminals, the world's media organizations, industry events and directly to consumers. Power emanated from the capital to outlying areas through appointed chiefs or local clan heads. Anyone who resisted or stood in their way wasbrutally punished photographsand reports of hands chopped off bear testimony to the stories. In addition to the direct physical effects of colonialism on the independent nations, there was a great deal of domestic political conflict that arose with the independence. Lastly, I show how the most everlasting yet elusive effect of colonialism exists in the minds of the Congolese people. McGreal, C. (2008, May 16). "I sense a lot of nervousness in Belgium regarding a formal apology as Congo might use it to demand financial reparations", Nadia Nsayi, a political scientist who specialises in Congo, told Reuters. It was the last part of the continent to be colonized. * As international condemnation grew, the Belgian state took Congo over in 1908. Additionally, the former concession boundaries do not align with any present-day political boundaries, ethnic group boundaries, or any particular natural resource endowment. The story unfolds around the turn of the twentieth century when European powers began to explore and colonize Sub-Saharan Africa. The Impact Of Belgian Colonization Of The Congo, If it wasnt for Belgian colonization, the Congolese economy would be one of the most prosperous today. Central Africa, c. 1902. This is important given growing evidence of the feedback between institutions and cultural traits (Bisin and Verdier 2017). ", Read more:DRC: Fighting against the stigma of rape. Leopolds thinly veiled colonial ambitions paved the way for the Berlin West Africa Conference (188485), which set the rules for colonial conquest and sanctioned his control of the Congo River basin area to be known as the Congo Free State (18851908). The historiography of Belgian colonialism in the Congo. Within Africa, concessions were established in French, British, Belgian, German, and Portuguese colonies (such asAngola, Botswana, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Gabon, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe). They are still on of the least developed countries due to their lack or quality of life, resources, imports and exports, and education. Despite his portrayal that his main motivation for colonizing the Congo was not profit, King Leopold was definitely motivated by money, and and because of this motivation he turned a blind eye to what was happening in, What KIng Leopold II was trying to do with the Imperialism was get to the many resources that the Congo had to offer. Thus, the effects of colonialism were not modernisation, as it is claimed, in its face value and the concept of modernisation needs to be reviewed. The Kirundi language spills over four nations. Concessions, violence, and indirect rule: Evidence from the Congo Free State, Historical legacies and African development, The development of modern Africa: Conflict, resources and institutions, Social structure and conflict in sub-Saharan Africa, Historical experiences and demand for health: The legacy of colonial medical campaigns in Central Africa, Prison labour: The price of prisons and the lasting effects of incarceration.

New perspectives for the XXI century ethnographic collections, A 'Crisis of Whiteness' in the 'Heart of Darkness'. The Two Faces of Belgium in the Congo. This predominance of house and village organization stands in sharp contrast to the more centralized state structures characteristic of the savanna kingdoms, which were far more adept at acting in a concerted manner than the segmented societies in the tropical rainforest. "The Belgian colonial administration made every effort to ensure that no political and academic class developed," Gesine Ames, an Africa expert at the Ecumenical Network for Central Africa (NZ), told DW. After the Congo gained its independence back they are still striving to make the Congo a completely free country. In this paper, I would argue that this impact can be seen in DRCs politics, economics, culture, and psychosis. The concessions only existed for 14 years a relatively short amount of time. A very short overview of Belgian, and latterly US, imperialism in Congo, written by Marty Jezer in 2001. DRCs present has indeed been impacted by its colonial past, worse in some way compared to others.
(National Black United Front). In a free market, there is the notion that it will succeed because the people want to work for their own success. Based onstudies of former child soldiers in eastern Congo, Elbert highlightedsystematic changes in the so-called epigenetics not the gene itself but its activity ofchildren who are exposed to extreme violence. This in turn lowers thethreshold for harming others. "In the eastern regions, subsequent generations experienced and internalized much violence. In the tropical rainforest the radically different ecological conditions raised formidable obstacles to state formation. Chapter from a book titled Europe and the world in European historiography (2006). Excepted from a slightly longer text here.

His daughter and wife were killed and eaten by the militia of the Anglo-Belgian India Rubber Company as he hadn't met his rubber quota for the day.1, Those not gunned-down or mutilated were worked as slaves to maximize the rubber harvest. It seems reasonable to assume that all groups, absent colonialism, would have had the same contacts with the rest of the world. Understanding the roots and causes of this event, as focused through the lense of the Congo, is the subject of this paper. Before experiencing radical transformations in the colonial era, Congolese societies had already experienced major disruptions. Leopold ran the place like a corporate state where the production of rubber mattered more than basic human well-being. Civilisation was offered in exchange for extracting resources (Riding, 2002). The colonial trilogy of the state, church, and corporates stated their mission was that of civilization.

From the time of colonialism to now, the daily amount that people can spend has only increased from $.25 to $1.45. Vansina, J (2010), Being colonized: the Kuba experience in rural Congo, 18801960, University of Wisconsin Press.

While the former French colony is the present Republic of Congo, the former Belgian Congo is the present Democratic Republic of Congo. International outrage forced Belgium to take over the King's fiefdom, but forced labor continued. "The Historiography of Belgian Colonialism in the Congo", in Csaba Levai, ed., Europe and the World in European Historiography. Figure 2 summarises the effects of being inside a former concession on development outcomes. The impasse within the administration made it susceptible to a coup led by Joseph-Dsir Mobutu. When one talks about colonialism, one has to confront the heinous acts that were committed during the process. There was so many unthinkable things that occurred during this such as forced labour, beating, widespread killing and frequent mutilation. Instead, all of its riches have attracted adventurers, warlords, corrupt governments, and unscrupulous corporations, and divided the population into competing groups. Riding, A. Since there was no one free to hunt game or grow crops, starvation resulted, and with it disease. Leopold sees the trade routes as a way to gain the region. Congolese labor oiled this machine. The inability to reach the projected growth contributes to the nations poverty. Q&A: At 60, DRC still plagued by colonial mentality. September 2014, Belgians Across the Kongo - Kongo Across the Waters - NOMA, Art Nouveau, Art of Darkness: African Lineages of Belgian Modernism, Part III, Diasporas of Art: History, the Tervuren Royal Museum for Central Africa, and the Politics of Memory in Belgium, 18852014, The Blood-dimmed Tide is Loosed, and Everywhere: U.S. Missionaries in the Decolonizing Congo, A Distinctive Ugliness: Colonial Memory in Belgium, Humanitarianism in the age of empire Deutsch-Sdwestafrika & L'tat Indpendant du Congo, Contested institutions and the limits to state power: early colonial natural resource extraction in the Congo, 1890-1914, Triumphant Health: Joseph Conrad and Tropical Medicine, Colonialism in the Congo: Conquest, Confi flict, and Commerce, African States from the Late 1700s to the Mid 1800s, Petit, P. 2005. According to the dependency school, in the post colonisation period, this economic drain has continued in a more cloaked manner where neoliberalism preaches free trade to countries that are not economically in the same development stage. ": Colonialism and Racism in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Indpendance!: The Belgo-Congolese Dispute in the Tervuren Museum, A STUDY OF CHALLENGES IN ENSURING QUALITY HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. Those who did not support the regime were killed and replaced by outsiders willing to enforce the rubber quotas (Harms 1975, Vangroenweghe 1986). Lastly, the opposition forces against King Leopold IIs colonization of Congo helped pave the way for future justice on the continent as well as internationally. Assistant Professor of Economics, University of California, San Diego and CEPR, Assistant Professor, University of Michigan, Concessions granted to private companies to extract natural resources still have negative effects on present-day development in the DRC. As soon as Leopold got over to the Congo, he had forgotten all about these promises. The colony hosted hundreds of Christian missionaries in hopes to westernize the Congolese. The name Congo Free State is closely identified with the extraordinary hardships and atrocities visited upon the Congolese masses in the name of Leopolds civilizing mission. Without the railroad, said Stanley, the Congo is not worth a penny. Without recourse to forced labour, however, the railroad could not be built, and the huge concessions that had been made to private European companies would not become profitable, nor could African resistance in the east be overcome without a massive recruitment of indigenous troops. Now, The merchants of Boma, since Stanleys advent, have founded fifteen trading stations between Boma and the falls at Vivi. "In this form, they carry the legacy of violence and chaos and can in part pass it along to their offspring," explains Elbert. But, paired with regional instability, the minerals attract militia, exploitation and violence. Historical Justice for the African Holocaust in the Congo Free State (1885-1908). The concessions in Congo were described by Joseph Conrad as the vilest scramble for loot that has ever disfigured the history of human conscience.